# GoldWave® Manual

Copyright © 2018 GoldWave Inc.

Please do not publish, upload, or include this document on a website.

November 2018

# Table of Contents

1. Introduction
   1. Features
   2. How to Use This Manual
   3. Notation
2. Software Installation
   1. System Requirements
   2. Install From a Downloaded File
   3. Portable Installation
   4. Configure the Program
      1. Select Audio Devices
      2. Additional Settings
   5. License
3. Using GoldWave
   1. Interface Overview
      1. Main Window
      2. Toolbar
      3. Status Bar
      4. Sound Windows
      5. Control Window
      6. Playback Marker
         1. Playback Position Window
      7. Progress Window
      8. Mouse Wheel
         1. Wheel Zoom In/Out
         2. Wheel Scroll And Select
         3. Wheel Playback Speed
         4. Wheel Playback Volume
      9. Entering Times
   2. Control Overview
      1. Control Properties
         1. Play Properties
         2. Record Properties
         3. Volume Properties
         4. Visual Properties
            - Bulge Visual Properties
            - Colour Scale Visual Properties
            - Music Staff Visual Properties
            - Spectrogram Visual Properties
            - Spectrum Visual Properties
            - Status Visual Properties
            - Tone Meter Visual Properties
            - VU Meter Visual Properties
            - Waterfall Visual Properties
         5. Device Properties
            - Configure Pedals Window
         6. System Properties
      2. Playing Sounds
         1. Playback Errors
      3. Pausing Playback
      4. Stopping Playback
      5. Rewinding and Fast Forwarding
      6. Recording Sounds
         1. Recording Streaming Audio
         2. Recording Errors
      7. Volume and Balance Faders
      8. Speed Fader
   3. Editing Overview
      1. Selecting Part of a Sound
      2. Redrawing the Waveform
      3. Cut & Paste, Mixing and Crossfading
         1. Cut & Paste
         2. Mixing
         3. Crossfading
   4. Storage Overview
      1. Hard Drive
      2. Memory
   5. File Overview
      1. File Format
         1. File Format Window
      2. File Format Plug-ins
         1. MP3 Settings
   6. Effects Overview
      1. Common Controls for Effects
         1. Presets
         2. Shape Controls
         3. Preview Controls
         4. FFT Settings
      2. Effect Plug-ins
   7. Accessibility Overview
      1. Interface
      2. Navigation
      3. Editing Keys
      4. View
   8. File Menu Commands
      1. New
      2. Open
      3. Open URL
      4. Recent
      5. Close
      6. Close All
      7. Information
      8. Save
      9. Save As
         1. Select Audio Attributes Window
         2. Encoder Not Found Window
      10. Save All
      11. Save Selection As
      12. Converted Save
          1. Edit File Presets
      13. Batch Processing
          1. Batch Add Folder Window
          2. Batch Add Edit Window
          3. Batch Add Effect Window
          4. Batch Add Logic Window
          5. Batch Command Line
      14. Exit
   9. Edit Menu Commands
      1. Undo
      2. Redo
      3. Cut
      4. Copy
      5. Copy To
      6. Paste and Paste At
      7. Paste New
      8. Mix
      9. Crossfade
      10. Overwrite
      11. Replace
      12. Delete
      13. Trim Menu
          1. Beginning
          2. End
          3. Both
          4. Silence
      14. Mute
      15. Blend At Marker
      16. Find
      17. Insert Silence
      18. Select View
      19. Select All
      20. Channel Menu
          1. Select Channels
          2. All
          3. Channel List
      21. Selection Menu
          1. Set
          2. Previous
          3. Move Start/Finish To Elapsed
          4. Move Start To Beginning/Finish
          5. Move Finish To Start/End
          6. Recall Selection Range
          7. Store Selection Range
          8. Snap To Zero-Crossing
      22. Cue Point Menu
          1. Edit Cue Points
          2. Add Cue Point
          3. Add Cue At Start/Finish
          4. Add And Edit Cue Point
          5. Move Start To Next/Previous Cue
          6. Move Finish To Next/Previous Cue
          7. Split File
          8. Show Cue Lines
   10. Effect Menu Commands
       1. Censor
       2. Doppler
       3. Dynamics
       4. Echo
       5. Compressor/Expander
       6. Filter Menu
          1. Auto Offset Removal
          2. Bandpass/stop
          3. Equalizer
          4. Low/Highpass
          5. Noise Gate
          6. Noise Reduction
          7. Parametric EQ
          8. Pop/Click
          9. Silence Reduction
          10. Smoother
          11. Spectrum Filter
       7. Flanger
       8. Frequency Blend
       9. Interpolate
       10. Invert
       11. Mechanize
       12. Multichannel Mixer
       13. Offset
       14. Pitch
       15. Plug-in Menu
       16. Reverb
       17. Reverse
       18. Stereo Menu
           1. Channel Mixer
           2. MaxMatch
           3. Pan
           4. Reduce Vocals
           5. Stereo Center
       19. Time
       20. Voice Over
       21. Volume Menu
           1. Auto Gain
           2. Change Volume
           3. Fade In
           4. Fade Out
           5. Match Volume
           6. Loudness
           7. Maximize Volume(Normalize)
           8. Shape Volume
       22. Playback Rate
       23. Resample
   11. View Menu Commands
       1. All
       2. Specify
       3. Selection
       4. Preset
       5. Previous
       6. Auto Scroll Lock
       7. Zoom In
       8. Zoom Out
       9. Zoom 10:1
       10. Zoom 1:1
       11. Zoom 1 Second, 10 Seconds, 1 Minute, 1 Hour
       12. Vertical Zoom All
       13. Vertical Zoom In
       14. Vertical Zoom Out
       15. Start and Finish
   12. Tool Menu Commands
       1. Amplitude Statistics
       2. CD Reader
          1. Save CD Tracks Window
       3. Control
       4. Cue Points
          1. Auto Cue Window
          2. Edit Cue Point Window
          3. Split File Window
       5. Effect Chain Editor
       6. Expression Evaluator
       7. File Merger
       8. Speech Converter
          1. Text To Speech (Reading)
          2. Voice Settings Window
          3. Speech To Text (Speech Recognition)
          4. Dictation Settings Window
   13. Options Menu Commands
       1. Apps
       2. Colour
       3. Control Properties
       4. File Formats
          1. Associate Format Window
       5. Keyboard
       6. Plug-in Options Menu
          1. DirectX Audio Plug-in Configuration
          2. GoldWave Audio Plug-in Configuration
       7. Storage
       8. Toolbar
       9. Window
       10. Register
       11. Setup
   14. Window Menu Commands
       1. Cascade, Tile, Minimize, Arrange
       2. Classic, Horizontal, Vertical Control
       3. Window List
   15. Help Menu Commands
       1. Contents
       2. Manual
       3. Check For Updates
       4. About
   16. Command Line Parameters
4. General Information
   1. Warranty, Trademarks, and Copyright
   2. Support and Updates

1. Appendix: An Introduction to Digital Audio
   1. Digital Audio Basics
      1. Samples
   2. Digital Audio Attributes
      1. Sampling Rate
      2. Bits
         1. Signed and Unsigned
         2. Big and Little Endian
      3. Channels
   3. Digital Audio Limitations
      1. Aliasing
      2. Clipping
      3. Quantization
      4. Noise
   4. Volume Scales
      1. Amplitude (y)
      2. Percent (%)
      3. Decibel (dB)
      4. Relative vs. Absolute
   5. Frequency and Pitch
      1. Frequency Ranges
      2. Frequency Range and Sampling Rate
      3. Frequency Spectrum Graphs
   6. File Compression
      1. Bitrate
      2. Constant Bitrate
      3. Variable Bitrate
2. Appendix: Keyboard Commands
3. Appendix: Expression Evaluator
   1. Overview
   2. Evaluation Range, Variables, and Constants
      1. Using Time in an Expression
      2. Using the Sample Index in an Expression
      3. User Constants x, y, and f
      4. Conversion Between Variables
   3. Presets
   4. Evaluator Operators and Functions
   5. Signal Generation
   6. Custom Filters
4. Appendix: Tutorial
   1. From Turntable to CD-R
      1. Make Connections
      2. Setup Recording
      3. Restoration
      4. Split into Tracks
      5. CD Burning
5. Appendix: Troubleshooting and Q&A
   1. Troubleshooting
   2. Common Questions and Answers

# I. Introduction

## Also By GoldWave Inc.

MazEpic Arcade Game

VideoMeld Multitrack Video/Audio Editor

GoldWave is a professional, full featured, digital audio editor. Use it to play, record, import, edit, restore, process, analyze, and convert audio on your computer. Updates and announcement are posted on the GoldWave website, Twitter, and Facebook.

Getting Started

- Table of Contents
- Main Window, Control Window, and Sound Windows
- Playing Sounds
- Recording Sounds
- Selecting Part of a Sound
- Accessibility
- Keyboard Commands
- Cue Points
- Recent Changes

Evaluation Usage Limit
If you are using an evalution version of GoldWave, the upper right status bar displays a command count (unlicensed usage), which gives you a rough idea of how much you've used the program. The evaluation version is limited to 200 commands each session and 2500 commands total. When the session limit is reached, a reminder message appears whenever you use a control in the Control window. Exiting and restarting GoldWave lets you use another 200 commands without interruption. The program stops working when the total command count is reached. Please purchase a license to remove evaluation limits. You can give copies of the evaluation version of GoldWave to anyone you think might find it useful. See distribution information for details.

## Features

Figure: GoldWave Screenshot, Jet Theme and Horizontal Controls

GoldWave includes a complete set of audio processing features.

- An intuitive and customizable user interface makes editing easy.
- An independent Control window provides direct access to audio devices. It contains controls for playback, rewind & fast forward, recording, volume, balance, and speed. Real-time visuals display the sound during playback and recording.
- A multiple document interface (MDI) allows several files to be opened at one time, simplifying file-to-file editing.
- Huge files are edited efficiently using a advanced virtual editing system, with configurable hard disk or memory based storage.
- Sounds are displayed graphically as a waveform and the level of detail can be changed by zooming in or out. The waveform can be reshaped directly with the mouse when zoomed in.
- Many audio effects, such as Dynamics, Echo, Flanger, Mechanize, Reverse, Pan, and Pitch enhance, distort, or alter sounds in various ways.
- Sophisticated filters such as the Noise Reduction, Spectrum Filter, and Pop/Click help restore and remaster audio.
- Batch Processing converts a group of sound files to a different format and type and applies any number of effects.
- The CD Reader tool digitally copies audio from a CD to a file on your system.
- An Expression Evaluator generates everything from simple tones to complex filters. Expressions for telephone dial tones, waves, and effects are included.
- A File Merger tool joins together many files into one.
- A Speech Converter tool coverts spoken audio to text and can read text using speech synthesis.
- For maximum extensibility, several plug-in interfaces are supported for file formats, visuals, and effects.

## How to Use This Manual

Familiarity with the Windows interface, such as property windows, tool bars, scroll bars, etc., is recommended before reading this manual.

For those who are unfamiliar with digital audio, Appendix A briefly introduces some of the fundamentals of computer audio. Appendix D gives a tutorial for recording audio from a turntable, removing noise, and splitting the file into tracks for CD-R burning. Appendix E contains troubleshooting information and answers to common questions.

Section II: Installation, covers system requirements and installation. Section III: Using GoldWave explains the interface and menu structure in detail. Topics are covered in the order that they appear in GoldWave's menu. Section IV: General Information, provides support, copyright, and warranty information.

## Notation

Bold or link coloured text and a vertical bar are used to denote menu items. File | New, for example, means to select the New item from the File menu. This notation is used to refer to other sections within this manual as well. In the above example, you can find information by looking for New under the File Menu Commands section. If the first word is Start, then select the item from the Windows Start menu instead.

Options, settings, features, commands, and paramaters are given in a `fixed width` font or in quotes.

A green arrow box provides one or more ways of accessing the feature in the program.

A information box emphasizes helpful information and techniques.

An exclamation mark box emphasizes warnings and other important information.

# II. Installation

The following sections give instructions for installing and configuring GoldWave on your computer.

## System Requirements

The minimum recommended system requirements for GoldWave are:

- A Windows 7 compatible computer
- Microsoft® Windows® 7 or later
- Mouse
- Audio hardware with an up-to-date Windows compatible driver
- 100MB of storage

The total amount of memory or hard drive space required depends on the size of audio files you'll be editing. One minute of CD-quality audio requires 20 megabytes of temporary storage. Editing a full CD requires a minimum of 1.5GB of storage and possible much more for Undo storage. By default, GoldWave uses memory for temporary storage. If you are working with large files, use Options | Storage to change the storage setting to "Hard drive" instead.

## Install From a Downloaded File

The following section gives instructions for installing GoldWave on your system. Before installing GoldWave make sure that audio playback and recording devices are installed and working in the Windows Control Panel.

Close any opened instances of GoldWave before installing an update.

To install GoldWave from a downloaded file, simply run the download. It prompts you to provide a destination folder to install the program files. A desktop shortcut and Windows Start menu items are created automatically, if selected.

New versions of GoldWave will be available from the web site goldwave.com

## Portable Installation

GoldWave supports a portable installation to run it from a USB drive on any computer without reinstallation.

To create a portable installation:

1. Run the installer and use the `Browse` button to change the destination folder to a flash drive or other removable storage drive.
2. Search for and copy the `GoldWave.xml` file to the flash drive in the same folder where the program is installed. This file may be found in `C:\Users\<User Name>\AppData\Roaming\GoldWave` folder.

If GoldWave finds the settings file in the folder where it is installed, it loads and saves settings from that file and does not use the file on the computer, provided the file can be written to. Note that some plug-ins may still use the settings file on the computer or may not function correctly.

## Configure the Program

Audio devices should be selected, as required. Storage, toolbars, theme, and colours settings may be adjusted to your preferences.

### Select Audio Devices

To choose an audio devices to use for playback and recording, use the properties button on GoldWave's Control window or use Options | Control Properties, then choose the Device tab. Select appropriate devices from the drop down lists of installed playback and recording devices. Use `Shared` quality unless you require using specific hardware sampling rates. Use the `Test` buttons to make sure you can hear playback and that recording is working.

### Additional Settings

- Use `Storage` in the Options menu to set a sound folder and temporary storage folder.
- Use `Toolbar` in the Options menu to customize toolbars.
- Use `Theme` in the Options menu to customize the program's theme.
- Use `Colour` in the Options menu to change Sound window colours.

To associate a file type with GoldWave, such as wav or mp3 files:

1. Open `Windows Explorer`
2. Browse to the folder where the file is located.
3. Right-click on the file.
4. Choose `Opens with` from the menu.
5. Choose `Choose default program...` from the submenu.
6. Choose the `Browse` button to find the GoldWave program, usually in "C:\Program Files\GoldWave".
7. Choose the `Open` button.
8. Check the `Always use the selected program to open this kind of file` box
9. Choose the `OK` button to close the "Open with" window.

Older versions of GoldWave may have to be uninstalled for the correct version to be used. See Windows help for more information about default programs and file type associations.

## License

A license is an activation code that unlocks the evaluation version and removes all limits and reminder messages. A Lifetime license never expires and works in future versions, giving you free upgrades. A One Year license expires after one year, then a new license is required to continue using the program. Internet access is not required (or used) for activation and the license is not tied to a specific computer. All license information must be kept confidential. If a license becomes public, it will be revoked by GoldWave Inc. and will not be replaced.

To purchase a license, please see the website.

To enter a license into the program, use `Register` on the Options menu or use the `Enter License` button above the status bar near the bottom of the Main window.

# III. Using GoldWave

The following sections give information about GoldWave's user interface, features, and menu structure. The first few sections provide general overviews, while subsequent sections provide details on menu commands.

## Interface Overview

GoldWave is composed of three windows: the Main window, Sound windows, and the Control window.

### Main Window

The Main window contains the main menu, two rows of toolbar buttons, and status bars (see Main Window figure below). It groups together and manages all the Sound windows.

Figure: Main Window
Main Menu Main Toolbar Effect Toolbar Sound Window Left Channel Right Channel Start Marker Finish Marker Playback Marker Cue Point Slot Cue Point Zoomed Time Axis Overview Overview Time Axis Status Bar

Note: If this manual is printed, be sure to enable printing of background images.

### Toolbar

The toolbar buttons provide quick access to many of the frequently used commands. The upper bar holds File, Edit, View, and Tool commands, while the lower bar contains Effect commands. The function of each button is displayed when the mouse pointer is positioned directly over it. Right-click on Effect buttons to display a list of presets for that effect.

Use `Toolbar` in the Options menu to configure the toolbar.

Click-and-drag the left edge of a toolbar to move it. To reorder toolbars, right-click on the toolbar and choose `Allow Toolbar Reordering`.

### Status Bar

The status bars show attributes of the Sound window, including the channels, length, selected region, playback position, modified status, zoom level, and general file format information. By clicking the mouse pointer over any status item with an inverted triangle on its right side, the unit or format for that status item can be changed. If you click the mouse pointer over the "Length" item, for example, a menu lists file lengths in terms of storage size, time, and samples. Clicking on the "Channel" item displays a channel selection window.

Figure: Status Bar Contents

▲Channel | ▼Length | ▼Selection Range | ▲Playback Position | Coordinates
Modified | ▼Zoom | Format Description

### Sound Windows

Sound windows are created when you open a file. These windows contain a waveform graph of the sound with a time axis near the bottom. For stereo sounds, two separate graphs are shown. The top white graph is the left channel and the bottom red graph is the right channel (see Channels for other colours). The selected part of the sound is highlighted with a blue background between two cyan markers. A vertical line with a left pointing triangle shows the current playback position within the sound. This line is the playback marker.

A cue point slot is located just below the graph. Cue points are shown as inverted yellow and blue triangles. Overlapping cue points are shown in slightly different colours.

Near the bottom of the Sound window, a small Overview area shows the entire sound with the selected part in highlighted green and/or red with a blue background and the rest with a black background. White gradient edges indicate what part of the sound is currently displayed and zoomed. Initially, the entire sound is selected.

Use the mouse buttons or the keyboard to change the selection. See Editing Overview for details. You can configure the window size and axes format of Sound windows using the Options | Window command and set the function of the left mouse button. The Options | Colours command sets the colour scheme.

### Control Window

The Control window interacts with your sound hardware. It contains buttons to play and record sounds as well as controls for volume, balance, and playback speed. Real-time visuals display audio data whenever a sound is played or recorded. See Control Overview for more details.

### Playback Marker

The playback marker is a vertical line with a right pointing triangle that moves across the Sound window during playback.

Move the marker in the following ways:

- Drag-and-drop the marker.
- Right-click on the Sound window graph and choose the `Set Playback Marker` or `Play From Here` command that appears in the context menu.
- Click the left mouse button on the time line below the graph in the Sound window.
- Use Keyboard Navigation.
- Change one of the Play button settings so that playback starts at a different place.
- Use the Playback Position key (`Ctrl+G`).
- Click on the `Playback Position` item in the status bar.

To hide the marker when playback stops, check the setting in Options | Window.

#### Playback Position Window

- `Ctrl+G` (go to) key.
- `Playback Position` item in the Status Bar.

Use `Set Playback Position` to see or set the playback marker's current position. The position can be absolute from the beginning of the file, or relative depending on mode setting. Enter a time to change the position.

Modes
Mode | Description
--- | ---
Absolute | The time entered is the absolute time from the beginning of the file.
Add | The time entered is added to the current position. Use this to move the marker ahead a given amout of time.
Subtract | The time entered is subtracted from the current position. Use this to move the marker back a given amount of time.

### Progress Window

When performing time consuming processing, such as decoding a compressed file when opening it, or encoding a file when saving it, or using most effects, a progress window appears showing the amount of processing done and the estimated time remaining to complete it. Use the `Cancel` button to abort processing at any time. Use the priority drop-down list to reduce the load on the computer's processor to give more time to other programs. Use the notification drop-down list to set the audio notification played when processing is finished. Notifications are enabled only when processing takes more than 10 seconds.

Some poorly designed (or overclocked) computers overheat when performing complex processing, such as Noise Reduction and saving in MP3 or other compressed formats. Reducing the `Priority` setting helps to avoid thermal related errors.

### Mouse Wheel

In GoldWave the mouse wheel supports zooming, scrolling and selection, or playback speed adjustments. Click the middle mouse button or the wheel button to display a menu to configure the behaviour of the mouse wheel. The menu items are explained below. The mouse wheel works only when the Main window is active and only on the currently active Sound window. Click-and-drag the middle mouse button to scroll the waveform left or right.

#### Wheel Zoom In/Out

Click the mouse wheel, `Zoom In/Out`

Zooms in and out of the waveform when the wheel is rotated up or down. The location of the mouse pointer is used as the focal point. Position the mouse over the area of interest when using the wheel. See View Menu Commands for information about viewing parts of the waveform in more detail.

#### Wheel Scroll and Select

Click the mouse wheel, `Scroll and Select`

When zoomed in, rotating the wheel up or down scrolls the waveform left or right. Holding the shift key moves the start marker. Holding both the shift and control keys moves the finish marker. Holding just the control key scrolls vertically, when zoomed in vertically. See Editing Overview for more information about selecting part of a file.

#### Wheel Playback Speed

Click the mouse wheel, `Playback Speed`

Increases or decreases the playback speed by changing the Speed fader on the Control window.

#### Wheel Playback Volume

Click the mouse wheel, `Playback Volume`

Increases or decreases the playback volume by changing the Volume fader on the Control window.

### Entering Times

GoldWave displays and accepts several different time formats. The time is separated into hours (H), minutes (M), seconds (S), and fractions of a second, like thousandths (T). Two digits are given for hours, minutes, and seconds. Zero or more digits are given for the fractional part. The basic format looks like this: `HH:MM:SS.TTTTT`. When using this format, minutes and seconds must be numbers from 0 to 59. Only five digits can be given after the decimal point. Other supported formats are given in the following table.

Time Formats
Format | Description
--- | ---
`HH:MM:SS.TTTTT` | Hours, minutes, seconds, and fractions of a second. MM and SS must be between 0 to 59, inclusive. A decimal must be used to separate fractions of a second from seconds. Colons must be used to separate hours, minutes, and seconds. All values are optional. A time can be entered as `HH::` to specify hours only, or `MM:` to specify minutes only.
`MMMMM:SS.TTTTT` | Minutes, seconds, and fractions of a second. SS must be between 0 to 59, inclusive. Minutes can be larger than 59.
`SSSSS.TTTTT` | Seconds, and fractions of a second. Seconds can be larger than 59.
`HH:MM:SS.XX/YY` | Hours, minutes, seconds, and frames. This is the same as the first format, but instead of providing fractions of a second as a decimal, frames are used. The numerator, XX, specifies the frame number and the denominator, YY, specifies the frame rate, such as 30 for a 30fps animation, or 75 for CD frames. If HH, MM, and SS are not given, then XX may be greater than YY to specify any frame. Otherwise XX must be smaller than YY. Refer to the examples below.
`XXXXXXXXsmp` | Specifies time as a number of samples. This number is divided by the sound's sampling rate to calculate the actual time. This notation is supported only in `New` and `Insert Silence`.

Time Examples
Example | Meaning
--- | ---
5 | Five seconds
3:00 | Three minutes
9: | Nine minutes
2:: | Two hours
7.1/2 | Seven and a half seconds
5123/60 | Frame number five thousand one hundred twenty-three in a sixty frames per second file
34:25.15/75 | The fifteenth CD aligned frame beyond thirty-four minutes and twenty-five seconds.
1::.3/4 | One hour and three-quarters of a second.
12:34:56.789 | Twelve hours, thirty-four minutes, fifty-six seconds, and seven hundred eighty-nine thousandths of a second.
.67 | Sixty-seven hundredths of a second.
24000smp | 24000 samples, which is half a second of audio at a sampling rate of 48000Hz.

## Control Overview

The Control window is the interface to your audio hardware and drivers. On the bottom half of the window are visuals that display sound during playback and recording. On the top left area of the window is a standard set of audio controls, including play, stop, record, rewind, pause, and fast forward. A status visual is located just below these controls. In the top right area of the window are controls to set the playback device's volume, balance, and speed. A level visual is located just below these.

The Control window can be resized to change the size of the visuals or to hide them. Use the Window Menu Commands to rearrange the controls horizontally or vertically.

Figure: Control Window
Play 1 Play 2 Play 3 Playback Controls Record Controls Properties Status Visual Level Visual Left Channel Visual Right Channel Visual

### Control Properties

- `Control Properties` in the Options menu.
- Properties button in the Control window.

Use `Control Properties` to configure playback, recording, volumes, visuals, and devices. Settings are described in the following sections. After installing GoldWave, you should take a moment select the playback and recording devices under the `Device` tab and familiarize yourself with the settings under the `Play` and `Record` tabs.

Figure: Control Properties

#### Play Properties

`Play` tab in Options | Control Properties or use the Properties button in the Control window.

Use `Play Properties` to configure the three play buttons, set the speed for rewind and fast forward, and set the marker preview time. Play button settings are given in the table.

Play Button Settings
Setting | Image | Button function
--- | --- | ---
All |  | Plays entire sound.
Selection |  | Plays region between start and finish markers (the selected part of the file).
Unselected |  | Plays regions outside the start and finish markers. This lets you quickly test how a cut or delete will sound without actually changing the sound. When possible, playback is confined to the region shown in the Sound window view so that the entire sound does not have to be played.
Continue |  | Continues playback from the current playback position and stops at the finish marker. If the position is past the finish marker, playback begins at the start marker.
Continue to end |  | Continues playback from the current playback position and stops at the end of the file.
View |  | Plays all of the sound currently shown in the Sound window view. This is useful if you zoomed in on part of the sound.
View to end |  | Starts playback at the left side of the sound currently shown in the Sound window view and continues playback to the end of the sound.
Finish |  | Plays three seconds just before the finish marker, so you can determine if that marker is in the right place without listening to the entire selection.
Intro/loop/end |  | This is a special playback feature that plays the sound in three sections. The beginning of the sound, outside the selection, is played first. Then the selection is played and looped. Finally the end of the sound, outside the selection, is played. Be sure to check the `Loop` box below to enable looping. This is useful for musical accompaniment, looped instrument samples, or testing loop points.
Loop point |  | Starts playback just before the finish marker and loops back to the start marker and continues playing briefly. Use this setting to test the current selection markers for smooth loop points.
Loop |  | If checked, it specifies the number of times playback should be repeated. A value of 1 loops playback once, so the selection is played twice. A zero value loops forever. The loop image appears over the image of a button that has looping selected.

Fast/Rewind Speed
The playback speed of the Fast Forward and Rewind buttons is controlled by these values. A value of 1.00 is normal speed. Entering a value of 3.00 for `Rewind speed`, for example, means the Rewind button will play the sound backwards three times faster than normal. By entering small numbers (such as 0.1) the Rewind and Fast Forward buttons will play very slowly. This is useful for finding pops or clicks, since the visuals will move slowly through the audio.

Marker preview (scrubbing)
Marker preview (scrubbing) plays a very short section of audio whenever a selection marker is moved. `Preview duration` specifies the amount of time to play just after the start marker or just before the finish marker. Setting the time to 0 disables previewing. Use the drop-down list to select when marker preview is triggered. By default previewing is done only when the marker is moved with the keyboard arrow keys. Select the second item to enable previewing after mouse dragging as well.

#### Record Properties

`Record` tab in Options | Control Properties or use the Properties button in the Control window.

`Record Properties` contains all of the recording related settings and features. Use these to monitor the recording sources, start recording automatically when a sound is detected (level activated), delay recording until a certain time (timer), and more.

To change the recording source or device, use the `Device` tab.

Recording Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Use new file duration | Sets the duration for recording a new sound. See Entering Times. If this box is unchecked, then a window appears when you choose the Record New button so that the duration may be entered. If the box is checked, the duration given here is used for all new recordings and no window appears.
Dictation mode | Allows you to quickly switch between recording and playback (Punch In/Out). The playback marker is moved to the recording marker whenever recording is stopped. Recording starts at the playback marker instead of the start marker. Use this feature to record dictation and rewind (or reposition the playback marker) and re-record to fix mistakes. Use the Record Dictation button to resume recording. This button replaces the Record Selection button. This setting overrides the Recording Mode to use `Unbounded` recording and disables loop recording. New audio is recorded over the existing audio, replacing it. Note that recording is stopped without warning when playback is started. Do not use this mode for live recordings that should not be interrupted.
Monitor input on visuals | Connects the recording source to the visuals so you can adjust volume levels before recording. Monitoring works only when the current sounds's sampling rate is compatible with the recording device or no sounds are opened. See Recording Sounds for information about selecting a different recording source and setting volumes. To hear what is being recorded, enable Windows recording monitoring.
Ctrl key safety | Prevents you from accidentally recording over a sound. To record, you must hold down the `Ctrl` key, otherwise a safety message appears.
Set finish marker at stop | Automatically moves the finish marker to the place where recording stopped. This makes it easier to trim the file after recording.
Show settings window | Displays an information window whenever recording is started. The window gives the current recording setup, including the recording device, the selected inputs, and other settings. Click on a label link to change the setup. Recording may be stopped when the setup is changed.
Filter dc offset | Automatically filters a dc offset from the audio during recording. Use this setting if you see a lot of activity on the low frequency bars and VU meters even when recording silence.
Auto save | Automatically saves the file when recording ends. Bounded recording mode must be selected. If recording is manually stopped, the file is not automatically saved. Use this setting with the Timer setting to save a recording after a scheduled event. If you start recording in a new, untitled file, you will be prompted to provide a filename so that it can be saved under that name automatically. The default save format is used for the file type and attributes. If you start recording in an existing file, the original file will be overwritten when recording ends and recording cannot be undone.
Power down system | Automatically turns off the computer after saving the recording. Use this setting with the Auto save and Timer settings to shutdown the computer after a scheduled recording.

Record Mode
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Bounded to selection | Records within the selection only. Recording stops automatically at the end of the selection. If you stop recording before the end is reached, the rest of the selection is replaced with silence. Use this setting to record for a fixed length of time.
Bounded and looped | The is similar to the above setting, but recording restarts automatically when the end is reached and continues to record over and over until the Stop button is pressed. This is useful if you are trying to capture a sound but do not know when it might occur. By loop recording a 1 minute sound, you will always have the last minute of audio stored for recall.
Unbounded | Recording starts at the start marker's position and continues recording until all storage is exhausted or until you press the Record Stop button. The file size is increased automatically to hold the new audio. This is useful if you do not know how long the recording will be.

Delayed Recording
`Timer` delays recording until the specified time and day of the week. Use this feature to automatically record something at a later time. The time is given in 24 hour time. A time of 06:00:00 is 6:00 AM and a time of 18:00:00 is 6:00 PM. 00:30:00 is 12:30 AM or 30 minutes past midnight. When entering the time, remember to include the seconds. Entering 18:00 means 00:18:00. You must press the Record button to activate the timer.

To record for 35 minutes on Tuesday at 7:00 PM:

1. Choose Control Properties from the Options menu.
2. Select the `Device` tab, then select the recording device you want to record.
3. If you are using `DirectSound` mode, select the `Volume` tab, then select the input you want to record.
4. Adjust the recording volume as needed.
5. Choose the `Record` tab.
6. Check the `Timer` box.
7. Enter `19:00:00` in the Time box.
8. Select `Tuesday` from the Day drop down list.
9. Make sure the `Level activated` box is not checked.
10. Make sure the `Bounded to selection` Record mode is selected.
11. Choose `OK`.
12. Choose the Record New button.
13. Enter `35:00` for the `Duration`.
14. Choose `OK`. The elapsed time should start counting down or show 99:99:99.9.

Remember to press the Record button to activate delayed recording (timer or level activated).

Turn off any power management settings that may power down the computer.

`Level activated` automatically synchronizing recording to a sound source or efficiently captures airport or police radio communications containing mostly silence that does not need to be recorded. It starts recording automatically when the sound source is above a given level and pauses recording when the sound is below the level.

Level Activated Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Threshold | Specifies how loud a sound should be before recording begins. The value must be high enough so that noise does not trigger recording and low enough so that other sounds will. Start with a value around -20dB or record some background silence for several minutes to get a baseline and use Maximize Volume (Normalize) effect to get the peak level and set the threshold value above that. Be sure to keep the device recording volume the same. Any changes to that volume will affect the threshold (other Windows program may change the recording volume).
Minimum duration | Specifies how long to record after the sound becomes quiet again. Using a value of 3 allows recording to continue for three seconds after the sound goes below the specified threshold. To minimize silence, use a value of 1 second or less, but not zero. A zero value causes recording to continue without stopping once triggered.
Prebuffer | Specifies the amount of audio to store prior to activation. When activation occurs, the prebuffer audio is inserted before the currently recorded audio, allowing you to hear the sound slightly before activation.
Time stamp cues | Marks the date, time, and position of each recording activation with a cue point. Use the Cue Points tool to view and edit cue points. Use the edit box to specify the format for the date (this is done using the C strftime function). Some format specifiers are given in the next table and examples in the following table.

Time Stamp Specifiers
Specifier | Description
--- | ---
%a | Short weekday (Sun, Mon, ... )
%A | Weekday (Sunday, Monday, ... )
%b | Short month (Jan, Feb, ... )
%B | Month (January, February, ... )
%d | Day of the month (01 to 31)
%H | Hour in 24-hour clock (00 to 23)
%I | Hour in 12-hour clock (01 to 12)
%m | Numerical month (01 to 12)
%M | Minutes (00 to 59)
%p | "AM" or "PM"
%S | Seconds (00 to 59)
%y | 2 digit year (00 to 99)
%Y | Year, all digits
%Z | Time zone name

Time Stamp Specifiers Examples
Example | Cue name generated
--- | ---
%d %b %y, %H:%M:%S | 12 Jan 05, 14:23:56
Date: %A, %B %d, %Y. Time: %I:%M:%S%p | Date: Wednesday, January 12, 2005. Time: 02:23:56PM
Today at %I:%M%p | Today at 02:23PM
%Y-%m-%d at %H=%M=%S (Easy to sort and safe for filenames) | 2005-01-12 at 14=23=56

#### Volume Properties

`Volume` tab in Options | Control Properties or use the Properties button in the Control window.

`Volume Properties` is available only when using `DirectSound` mode. Use it to adjust recording volumes and select or unselect recording sources. Make sure the `Volume device` selected is the same as the recording device selected in the `Device` tab (it is not matched automatically if more than one recording device is available).

A volume fader, edit box, and checkbox are shown for each source. To select a source, check the appropriate checkbox. If your sound card supports a master control, make sure that the `Mute all` setting is not checked and that the master volume is not zero.

You can use the `Monitor input on visuals` setting under the `Record` tab to activate the visuals without recording.

Note that volumes are changed instantly remain changed even if `Cancel` is used to close the Properties window.

To select a different recording device, use the `Device` tab.

#### Visual Properties

`Visual` tab in Options | Control Properties or use the Properties button in the Control window.

Use `Visual Properties` to configure real-time visuals. Up to 10 visuals may be active, depending on the number of channes in the file and the settings selected. The default settings show a status visual, a level visual, and two graph visuals for the left and right channels. The status visual is located at the upper left side. It displays elapsed time and playback and recording status. The level visual is located at the upper right side. It shows the current output or input as horizontal bar meters. The left and right graph visuals display audio in a variety of ways, as described in the Description of Visuals table below.

Resize the Control window to make visuals larger or smaller.

Visual Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Visuals | Sets the number of visuals to display. The `2 Mixed` option combines multichannel into stereo. The center and low frequency channels are mixed in with the left and right channels. Usually each channel is graphed separately in each visual. Some visuals, such as the VU Meter or X-Y Graph may use more than one channel.
Frame Rate | Sets the number of times per second that visuals are updated and drawn. A value of 60 or less gives good results. Use higher values to get an extra detailed spectrogram or envelope. The actual frame rate is limited by your system's processing power. Use a lower frame rate for older systems or when the Control window is large.
Status, Level, Channel... | Use these drop down lists to select a visual for the status level, or channel graphs. Visuals are described in the table below. The number of visuals shown is set by the `Visuals` setting above. Some visuals have properties such as axes ranges, colours, display modes, etc. Use the `Properties` button to the right of the drop down list to set the properties.
Quick Select Menu | Use this list to select your favourite visuals. The selected visuals appear in the popup menu when you right-click on a visual in the Control window.
Visual FFT Settings | See FFT Settings for more information about these settings. `Minimum dB` sets the lowest dB level that visuals will show.

Description of Visuals
Visual | Description
--- | ---
3D Bars | 3 dimensional logarithmic frequency 11 band bar graph.
Analog Meter | Scaled amplitude needle meter.
Bars | Logarithmic frequency 11 band bar graph, commonly found on stereo systems.
Blank | Disables the visual and may improve performance on slower systems.
Blowing Inferno | Fire coloured, double-sided spectrum graph.
Bulge | Symmetrical, colourful frequency graph.
Envelope | Amplitude envelope.
Spectrogram | Coloured frequency spectrum, with time on the x-axis, frequency on the y-axis and colour as the magnitude. The colours, in increasing magnitude, are black, purple, blue, cyan, green, yellow, red, and white. A cyan point, for example, is higher magnitude than a blue point.
Spectrum | Frequency analysis of the sound.
VU Meter | Horizontal peak and current amplitude level meter.
Waterfall | Flowing, coloured spectrogram.
Waveform | Standard amplitude waveform, much like the 1:1 zoom level in a Sound window.
X-Y Graph | The sound is plotted with the left channel against the right channel to generate Lissajous patterns. This is often used to see the phase difference between two equal frequency signals. If the left and right channels are in phase, the pattern is a diagonal line running from the lower left to the upper right. If the channels are 90 degrees out of phase, the pattern is a circle. For general stereo sounds, it looks like a crazy scribble. The larger the scribble, the larger the difference between the channels. Monaural sounds always show a diagonal line since the left and right data are the same.

#### Bulge Visual Properties

- `Properties` button to the right of the drop-down list in the `Visual` tab in the Control Properties window when this visual is selected.
- `Properties` item in right-click context menu for visuals in the Control window when this visual is selected.

`Bulge` displays a symmetrical colour scaled frequency graph where higher magnitude frequencies are shown with taller lines and more intense colours. The magnitudes (heights) are drawn on a logarithmic scale.

Bulge Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Colour scale | Sets the colour gradient for the graph.
Linear, Logarithmic | Sets the scale for the X axis. Use `Linear` to draw frequencies on a simple linear scale. Use `Logarithmic` to expand low end frequencies drawn in the center of the visual.
Slow fade | Makes the graph fade out gradually while expanding it vertically.

#### Colour Scale Visual Properties

- `Properties` button to the right of the drop-down list in the `Visual` tab in the Control Properties window when certain coloured visuals are selected.
- `Properties` item in right-click context menu for visuals in the Control window when certain coloured visuals are selected.

Select one of the listed items to change the colour scale used to display the visual.

Colour scales are used by `3D Bar`, which displays a three dimensional frequency bar graph, by `Bulge`, which displays a double mirrored colour frequency graph, and by `Envelope`, which displays an amplitude envelope graph.

Colour Scale Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Rainbow | Uses a full colour gradient. From lowest to highest the colours are: black, purple, blue, green, yellow, orange, red, white.
Cold | Uses a white/blue gradient from gray to light blue.
Hot | Uses a red/orange gradient from dark red to light orange.
Gray | Uses a gray-scale gradient from dary gray to white.
Solid white | Uses a solid white colour with no gradient.
Solid cyan | Uses a solid cyan colour with no gradient.
Discrete rainbow | Uses solid colours for different magnitude or amplitude levels. Changes from one level to the next are more distinct and easier to notice.
Blue | Uses a blue gradient from dark blue to light blue.

#### Music Staff Visual Properties

- `Properties` button to the right of the drop-down list in the `Visual` tab in the Control Properties window when this visual is selected.
- `Properties` item in right-click context menu for visuals in the Control window when this visual is selected.

Use `Music Staff` to transcribe music. It displays peak pitch information over time on a grand staff. The horizontal axis is time, the vertical axis is pitch (notes), and the colour intensity represents volume of the pitch, explained in `Mode` below.

This visual works best with simple, monotonic audio. More complex audio will be more difficult to read and it will take time to learn how to interpret the graph. Due to the logarithmic scale of the music staff and the linear scale of the FFT, higher pitches are resolved at much higher resolution than lower ones. Setting `FFT Size` higher (13) may improve accuracy for low pitch tones. Use `Pitch` to raise the music by one octave to improve the resolution.

Use `Time` to stretch the music. Use filters to remove noises or other sounds or to boost a frequency range to make the visual clearer.

Use the `Speed Fader` to adjust the overall key of the music to shift the spectrum up or down to more closely align the grid/sharpes.

Music Staff Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
BPM | Sets the measure in beats-per-minute. A vertical line is draw at this interval.
Divisions | Set the number of divisions within the beats-per-minute measure. Darker lines are drawn at this sub-interval.
Range To | Limits the frequency/pitch range to search. Any pitches outside the range are not shown. Use this setting to narrow down the range for vocals or a specific instrument.
Threshold | Sets the minimum volume for the pitch to be detected. Any pitches with a volume below this level are not shown.
Mode | Sets the graph mode. `Top 5 Peaks` shows the highest peak in red (or orange for a sharp/flat note). Other peaks are shown grey-scale (or tinted yellow for sharps/flats) based on the volume relative to the highest peak. Peaks are adjusted to fit the closest note and are more distinct, making it easier to discern sharps. `Top 10 Peaks` is the same as above, but shows more peaks. `Highest Peak` is the same as above, but shows the highest peak only. `Spectrogram` shows a gray-scale spectrogram on the staff, making it easier to follow the flow of notes. Sharps are shown with a tint of yellow. Due to limited resolution, bands of both white and yellow may show for a single pitch. The brightest, middle band is usually the correct one. Switch to one of the Peak modes above for a different view.

#### Spectrogram Visual Properties

- `Properties` button to the right of the drop-down list in the `Visual` tab in the Control Properties window when this visual is selected.
- `Properties` item in right-click context menu for visuals in the Control window when this visual is selected.

`Spectrogram` displays frequency information over time. The horizontal axis is time in seconds (s), the vertical axis is frequency in Hertz (Hz), and the colour represents the frequency's magnitude (dB). The louder a certain frequency is, the more intense its colour.

Spectrogram Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Automatic full frequency range | Automatically sets the frequency (vertical) axis range to match the current sampling rate of the file. For a sampling rate of 44100Hz the range is set from 0 to 22050Hz (the Nyquist rate).
Fixed frequency range | Allows the frequency (vertical) axis range to be set manually, giving more frequency detail within that range.
From (Hz), To (Hz) | Sets the frequency range when `Fixed frequency range` is selected.
Scroll speed | Sets the number of vertical strips to draw per frame, increasing the time resolution of the spectrogram.
Show axis | Shows numbers on the horizontal and vertical axes and the colour scale legend at the bottom of the visual.
Gray-scale | Uses a gray-scale gradient instead of colours.

#### Spectrum Visual Properties

- `Properties` button to the right of the drop-down list in the `Visual` tab in the Control Properties window when this visual is selected.
- `Properties` item in right-click context menu for visuals in the Control window when this visual is selected.

`Spectrum` displays a simple frequency graph. The horizontal axis is frequency in Hertz (Hz) and the vertical axis is magnitude in decibels (dB).

Spectrum Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Automatic full frequency range | Automatically sets the frequency (horizontal) axis range to match the current sampling rate of the file. For a sampling rate of 44100Hz the range is set from 0 to 22050Hz (the Nyquist rate).
Fixed frequency range | Allows the frequency (horizontal) axis range to be set manually, giving more frequency detail within that range.
From (Hz), To (Hz) | Sets the frequency range when `Fixed frequency range` is selected.
Show axis | Shows numbers on the horizontal and vertical axes.
Logarithmic | Changes the frequency (horizontal) axis from linear to logarithmic.
Solid | Fills the area under the spectrum graph with a solid colour.
Peak line | Displays a red peak graph showing the highest magnitudes since playback or recording started. Use the stop button to reset the peak line the next playback or recording is started.
Average line, alpha | Displays a yellow average graph showing an approximation of the average magnitudes since playback or recording started. It is not a true average, but a low pass filtered difference of magnitudes in time as follows: M = alpha * Mprevious + (1 - alpha) * Mnew Use `alpha` to change the rate at which the average changes. A value of 0.999 causes the average to change very slowly. A value of 0.800 causes it to change quickly. Use the stop button to reset the average line the next playback or recording is started.

#### Status Visual Properties

- `Properties` button to the right of the drop-down list in the `Visual` tab in the Control Properties window when this visual is selected.
- `Properties` item in right-click context menu for visuals in the Control window when this visual is selected.

`Status` displays elapsed time and playback and recording status.

Status Setting
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Display | Changes the elapsed time format to show hours, minutes, or seconds.

#### Tone Meter Visual Properties

- `Properties` button to the right of the drop-down list in the `Visual` tab in the Control Properties window when this visual is selected.
- `Properties` item in right-click context menu for visuals in the Control window when this visual is selected.

`Tone Meter` plays a tone and displays a solid colour based on the peak amplitude of the waveform. This visual is designed for visually impared users to provide an auditory amplitude meter. `Shared` playback quality must be selected to allow the visual to generate tones.

The properties include settings for four tiered tones. Each tone has a different trigger level, frequency, waveform, and colour. The `Level` value sets the upper limit to trigger the tone. The tone is used only if the peak amplitude is below or equal to the given level. If the peak is above that level, then a tone with a higher level is used. Each level must be higher than the previous level, so the trigger for level 2 must be greater than the trigger for level 1, etc.

Tones are played at a fixed interval. `Tone interval` changes the time between tones. By default a tone sounds once a second. `Duration` sets how long the tone plays. `Volume` changes the volume of the tone.

`Sound tone only when Scroll Lock key is on` provides a quick way to turn on and off the tone by using the Scroll Lock key on the keyboard as a toggle switch.

#### VU Meter Visual Properties

- `Properties` button to the right of the drop-down list in the `Visual` tab in the Control Properties window when this visual is selected.
- `Properties` item in right-click context menu for visuals in the Control window when this visual is selected.

`VU Meter` displays the current peak volume of the waveform on a horizontal bar with a green to red gradient.

VU Meter Settings
Settings | Description
--- | ---
Decay time | Sets the amount of time it take for the meter to drop from peak maximum volume to nothing (silence).
Peak hold time | Sets the amount of time the peak indicators (the vertical segments that stay on at the top level of the meter) remain at their peak positions before dropping back.
Show axis | Shows decibel numbering on the meter.
Reset Clip | Clears the red clip detection indicators on the far right of the meter. Clip indicators are automatically reset when playback or recording is restarted. They can be reset by clicking the mouse on them as well.

#### Waterfall Visual Properties

- `Properties` button to the right of the drop-down list in the `Visual` tab in the Control Properties window when this visual is selected.
- `Properties` item in right-click context menu for visuals in the Control window when this visual is selected.

`Waterfall` displays a 3 dimensional color frequency graph. The horizontal axis is frequency in Hertz (Hz), the vertical axis is magnitude in decibels (dB). The upward scrolling of the graph is time.

Waterfall Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Automatic full frequency range | Automatically sets the frequency (vertical) axis range to match the current sampling rate of the file. For a sampling rate of 44100Hz the range is set from 0 to 22050Hz (the Nyquist rate).
Fixed frequency range | Allows the frequency (vertical) axis range to be set manually, giving more frequency detail within that range.
From (Hz), To (Hz) | Sets the frequency range when `Fixed frequency range` is selected.
Axis | Shows numbers on the horizontal axis.
Grid | Draws grid lines on the graph.
Fade | Fades the graph as it scrolls to the back.
Logarithmic | Changes the frequency (horizontal) axis from linear to logarithmic.
1 second dark transparent walls | Draws a dim transparent rectangle every second, dividing the graph into 1 second sections.
Height (%) | Changes the vertical height of the graph with respect to the height of the visual's window. A value of 50% makes the maximum, peak magnitude height half as high as the window.
Scroll angle | Change the vertical scrolling angle. 90° scrolls straight up.

#### Waveform Visual Properties

- `Properties` button to the right of the drop-down list in the `Visual` tab in the Control Properties window when this visual is selected.
- `Properties` item in right-click context menu for visuals in the Control window when this visual is selected.

`Waveform` displays an amplitude versus time graph. `X-Y Graph` displays a left channel versus right channel graph.

Waveform Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Monochrome line | Draws the graph in one colour with lines connecting the points.
Coloured points | Draws the graph using coloured points in a green to red scale. The greater the amplitude, the more red the point.
Swap X and Y | Switches the horizontal and vertical axes.
Slow fade | Slowly fades from one graph frame to the next.
Grid | Shows grid lines over the graph.

#### Device Properties

`Device` tab in Options | Control Properties or use the Properties button in the Control window.

`Device Properties` contains settings for playback recording, and joystick or pedal devices.

`Playback` and `Record` areas show the currently selected playback and recording devices. If more than one device is installed, you can select a different device from the drop down list. You can change playback and recording quality by selecting different bit depths from the `Quality` lists. Use `PCM 16 bit` quality unless your sound card supports higher bit depths. GoldWave takes exclusive control of the audio device unless you select `Shared` quality. The `Shared` setting forces GoldWave to share the audio device with other programs using the sampling rate, channels, and resolution determined by the system. The system attributes are shown next to the "Quality" label. Use the `Configure` button on the `System` tab to change the system properties of an audio device. Shared quality is not ideal for recording because it may not allow recording at the sampling rate of the file, resulting in resampling.

If you select a LOOPBACK device for recording, select `Shared` quality for best driver compatibility. See Recording Streaming Audio for more information about recording what you hear or Internet streams.

Use the `Test` buttons to perform a simple test of a device. When testing a playback device, you should hear audio on the speakers or headphones. If not, check the Windows volume settings or select a different playback device. When testing a recording device, you can determine the supported sampling rate and quality and adjust the volume level.

The `Playback` area has additional settings for latency and initialization. `Latency` controls the amount of audio stored before sending it to the device. Using a higher value may eliminate gaps and stutters on a slow system, but it increases the delay between changing effect settings and hearing those changes during previewing. Using lower values makes effect previewing more responsive, but may cause gaps and stutters if the system is too slow to process all the audio or emulated drivers are used. This setting does not apply to recording. `Alternative initialization` solves problems with certain drivers and plug-ins. Use this setting if GoldWave freezes when previewing an effect plug-in or if playback does not start properly in general. It begins playback on a separate processor without pausing or holding up the main program. This makes the interface seem more responsive when starting playback.

The `Record` area has a volume fader and mono settings. The `Volume` fader (not available in `DirectSound` mode, use `Volume` tab instead) adjusts the volume level for the device. You can adjust the volume anytime during recording.

The `Mono` setting determines the input channel used when recording a mono file using a stereo device. Settings are given in the table below.

Mono Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Left channel only | Uses audio on the left channel only.
Right channel only | Uses audio on the right channel only.
Average light and right | Takes the average amplited of both channels: (L+R)/2

The `Attributes` setting determines the sampling rate and number of channels used when starting a recording with the Record New button .

Attributes Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Use device attributes | The sampling rate and number of channels is determined by the device. Use this setting to avoid any conversions when recording. The audio data is captured directly from the device without further processing.
Use new file attributes | The sampling rate and number of channels is determined by the values last entered into the `New` command. Use this setting to always record mono or stereo or at a specific sampling rate when a recording device supports multiple channels or rates. Audio data is processed (resampled or mixed) to make it compatible with the attributes.

`Joystick/pedal control` allows playback and recording to be controlled using a game controller or a foot pedal. The first controller detected is used. The following table lists the modes of operation.

Joystick/Pedal Control
Mode | Description
--- | ---
None | Joystick/pedal control is disabled.
Foot pedal or buttons | A foot pedal or game controller buttons controls playback. Use this for controlling playback in GoldWave while typing transcription in another program. If the pedal has more than one button, they can be assigned to rewind, fast forward, etc. by using the `Configure` button. GoldWave supports most USB HID devices with simple button inputs, such as the VEC Infinity IN-USB-2 foot controller and most USB HID "joystick" or "programmable" foot switches, such as Delcom or vPedal.
Game controller | The main directional pad controls playback. Left is rewind, right is fast forward, down is pause, and up unpauses. The first button (button 1 or A) starts or stops playback. The second button (button 2 or B) starts or stops recording.

Use the `Configure` button to configure foot pedal controls. Different brands of foot pedals use different switch combinations. After choosing the Configure button, choose an action button to assign, then hold down the pedal for at least one second.

See Also: Default Save Format, Recording Streaming Audio

#### Configure Pedals Window

`Configure` button in the `Device` tab via Options | Control Properties or via the Properties button in the Control window. "Foot pedal or buttons (HID)" must be selected for `Joystick/pedal`.

Use this window to assign the pedals or buttons to certain actions like playback, rewind, etc.

To assign a pedal, choose the action button to assign, such as `Play`, then hold the pedal to use for that action for at least 1 second. The pedal indicators turn red during this time, then turn green when the pedal is assigned. If you do not press a pedal within 5 seconds or you choose the action button again, then no pedal is assigned. More than one pedal can be pressed at a time to assign that combination of pedals to an action. If two actions use the same pedal or same combination, then precedence is determined by the order shown (the lower action is considered unassigned).

Foot Pedal Options
Option | Description
--- | ---
Toggle | Pressing and releasing the pedal starts the action. The action continues until the pedal is pressed and released again. The pedel does not have to be held the for the action to continue (reduces constant foot pressure and fatigue).
Hold | The pedal must be pressed continuously to perform the action. When the pedal is released, the action stops.
Hold & skip back | The pedal must be pressed continuously to perform the action. When the pedal is released, the playback marker is move back two seconds. Tapping the pedal skips back 2 seconds each time. Use this option for a single switch pedal. Only the `Play` action has this option.

The `Skip` actions skip backward or forward 2 seconds with each tap of the pedal.

See Also: Control Overview, Control Device Properties

#### System Properties

`System` tab in Options | Control Properties or use the Properties button in the Control window.

Use `System Properties` to change the audio interface used for playback and recording and list information about the system. This information can help locate problems with drivers, hardware, or the current setup.

GoldWave supports DirectSound and Core Audio/WASAPI. Core Audio/WASAPI is selected by default, but DirectSound may be used instead if playback or recording probles occur. DirectSound was discontinued in Windows Vista and no longer provides direct access to the audio hardware, so it is not recommended. Using WASAPI in exclusive mode is the only way to play or record audio directly through the sound hardware at the original sampling rate and quality of the file.

Choose the `Configure` button to display the system's audio configuration window.

Choose the `Information` button to gather information about installed playback and recording devices.

If a device is listed as disabled, disconnected, or not present:

- Make sure all external connections are firmly in place and connected to the correct socket.
- Make sure the USB device is plugged into a working USB port and is powered on.
- Some devices, such as "Stereo Mix" or "What You Hear" are disabled in Windows by default and have to be enabled manually. Choose the `Configure` button, select the Recording tab, right-click anywhere in the list and select `Show Disabled Devices`, then right-click on the device in the list and choose `Enable`.

### Playing Sounds

After opening a sound (see File | Open), use one of the play buttons, such as Play All , to play it. Each button starts playback at a different place, which can be configured under the `Play` tab of the Control Properties window. Right-click on one of the play buttons to quickly change the settings.

To start playback at any point in the sound, click on the time line under the waveform in the Sound window or right-click on the waveform and choose the `Play From Here` command from the popup menu. You can right-click-and-drag to select a part of the sound to play as well.

While a sound is playing, it is displayed on the visuals. The current position is displayed in the Sound window as a moving vertical line on the waveform (playback marker). You can move the start and finish selection markers to the playback position by using the bracket keys, `[` and `]` or Edit | Selection | Move Start.... See Editing Overview for more information about changing the selection. You can set cue points by using the `Ctrl+Q` key or the Edit | Cue Point | Add Cue Point command.

To play part of a sound:

1. Use `Open` to open a sound.
2. Select the part of the sound to play.
3. Choose the Play Selection button.

To loop part of a sound:

1. Use `Open` to open a sound.
2. Select the part of the sound to loop.
3. Choose the Properties button in the Control window.
4. In the `Play 2` area, check the `Loop` box.
5. Choose `OK`.
6. Choose the Play Selection button, which now has a loop indicator on it.

If you do not hear anything during playback, check the following:

- Make sure the volume and balance faders in the Control window are set to full volume and center respectively.
- Make sure the speakers or headphones are turned on.
- Make sure the speakers or headphones are connected to the correct socket (green).
- Double-check all connections.
- Make sure the Windows system volume is not muted.
- Make sure you see activity on the level meters and visuals in GoldWave. If not and the elapsed time is counting up, the sound contains silence.
- Try selecting a different playback device.

#### Playback Errors

If an error occurs during playback, make sure the correct playback device selected and the audio hardware is capable of playing at the sampling rate and quality of the file.

Try the following:

- Stop recording, if any file is recording.
- If you are using an external USB audio device, make sure the device is plugged in and powered on before running GoldWave.
- If the error occurs during effect previewing, the effect may have a problem. Process the effect and try playing it after processing completes.
- If not using `Shared` quality, make sure no other software is using the device for playback.
- Select a different playback device or quality setting on the `Device` tab of the Control Properties window.
- Choose the playback `Test` button on the `Device` tab of the Control Properties window to test the playback device.
- Contact the manufacturer to obtain an updated sound driver. Sound drivers cause the vast majority of playback related errors.

If nothing helps, try playing a file in Windows Media Player to make sure playback is working on your computer.

### Pausing Playback

While a sound is playing, pause it with the pause button. Remember to use either play or stop later. Pause freezes the visuals and the current position marker so you can see the shape of the sound in the visuals or move the selection markers.

### Stopping Playback

Playback can be stopped immediately with the stop button. Note that recording is stopped using a different button.

### Rewinding and Fast Forwarding

Use the rewind button or fast forward button to quickly move back and forward through the sound. The current position is displayed in the Sound window as a white, vertical line on the waveform. You can adjust the speed of rewind and fast forward with the `Play` tab of the Control Properties window, as described previously. When one of these buttons is used to start playback, the region played is determined by the Play 3 setting.

### Recording Sounds

Most computers have more than one recording input, such as microphone or line-in. To select and adjust a recording input, use the `Device` tab (and the `Volume` tab for `DirectSound` mode) of the Control Properties window. To record what you hear (such as an Internet stream), see Recording Streaming Audio. Make all connections before running GoldWave. Otherwise some devices or sources may not be listed. To see the input before recording, use the `Monitor input on visuals` setting under the `Record` tab of the Control Properties window.

Use the Record New button to create a new file and start recording. The sampling rate and number of channels is determined by the `Attributes` setting in Device Properties. Recording stops automatically when the duration has passed. If you stop recording earlier, the new file is trimmed to the length of the recording. Use the `Record` tab of the Control Properties window to set the default new file duration.

Use the Record Selection button to record into an existing sound. Audio is recorded into the selection of the Sound window replacing any audio that was previously there. Recording stops automatically when the end of the selection is reached (bounded mode) or when no more storage is available (unbounded mode). You can stop recording at any time with the recording stop button and the unrecorded part of the selection is filled with silence.

To record dictation and easily switch between playback and recording, check the `Dictation mode` setting on the Record tab of the Control Properties window. You can then use the Record Dictation button to resume recording from the current playback position.

Make sure you see activity on the horizontal VU Meters while recording. The source volume should be adjusted so that it peaks in the orange or low red area, but not all the way. If there is no activity or the level is very low, change the input and/or volume or select a different recording device, explained below.

You can make room for recording in the current sound by using the Edit | Insert Silence command.

A recording pause buttons appears in place of the record button so that you can pause and unpause recording.

Many recording settings are available in the `Record` tab of the Control Properties window. Right-click on the record button to quickly access some of these settings.

Remember to press the playback button on the cassette player, record player, or CD player when recording from an external device. See the Appendix D for a tutorial.

If you want to record vocals over existing music, you'll need to use two files in GoldWave. You can record in one file while playing the other. After recording, mix the two files together.

For long recordings, turn off any power management settings that may power down or sleep the computer.

#### Recording Streaming Audio

Streaming audio is audio that is playing on the computer, usually from the Internet. There are a few ways to recording streaming audio, depending on the computer and audio hardware.

- Software Loopback Method
- Hardware Loopback Method
- Loopback Cable Method

Software Loopback Method
Select a `LOOPBACK` recording device in GoldWave. GoldWave lists a separate `LOOPBACK` recording device for every compatible playback device in the system.

The following conditions:

- Recording occurs only when audio is playing. Recording doesn't advance when nothing is playing.
- If you have more than one playback device, you must select the `LOOPBACK` recording device that matches the current Windows playback device.
- You must use `Shared` quality for recording (and playback) in GoldWave. The software playing the stream must use `Shared` mode as well. Devices can be configured to prohibit the use of "exclusive control" in Windows Control Panel.
- The stream must not be encrypted. Loopback is disabled by Windows when playing copy-protected DVDs or DRM protected files or streams.
- Some devices may generate noise when playback is stopped in the middle of recording. Stop recording before stopping playback if that happens.

Hardware Loopback Method
In DirectSound mode, the streaming source is usually called "What You Hear", "Stereo Mix", "Wave Out", or something similar and that input can be selected on the `Volume` tab of the Control Properties window in GoldWave.

In Core Audio/WASAPI mode, the streaming device is disabled by default (if present at all) and has to be manually enabled. Try using Software Loopback (above) before enabling the device.

To enabled a disabled device:

1. Choose the `Configure` button on the `System` tab of the Control Properties window, then choose the `Recording` tab.
2. Right-click anywhere in the device list and select `Show Disabled Devices`.
3. Right-click on the disabled device in the list and choose `Enable`. If no new devices appear, then the computer or sound driver does not support recording steaming audio and a loopback cable must be used.

After the device has been enabled, it can selected for recording on the `Device` tab of the Control Properties window

To hear what is being recorded or to avoid echoes or feedback, change the monitoring setting for the device in Windows. Turn off monitoring or mute the input to avoid feedback. Turn on monitoring or unmute the input to hear the audio as it records.

1. Choose the `Configure` button on the `System` tab of the Control Properties window, then choose the `Recording` tab.
2. Right-click on the recording device you are using and select `Properties`.
3. Select the `Listen` tab.
4. Check or uncheck the `Listen to this device` to turn monitoring on or off.

A recording input may be physically connected to the output, so check the following as well.

1. Choose the `Configure` button on the `System` tab of the Control Properties window, then choose the `Playback` tab.
2. Choose the playback device you are using.
3. Choose the `Properties` button.
4. Choose the `Levels` tab.
5. Unmute or mute the inputs, as required.

Loopback Cable Method
If neither software loopback nor hardware loopback work, then a loopback or splitter cable from the speaker output to the line input is required.

After connecting the cable, select the `Line` recording device in GoldWave. Make sure monitoring (above) is turned off to avoid feedback and echoes.

#### Recording Errors

If an error occurs when recording, make sure the correct recording device is selected in GoldWave and the audio hardware is capable of recording at the sampling rate and quality selected.

Try the following:

- Stop playback, if a file is playing.
- Ensure that the Microphone access is On in the Windows Privacy settings. Go to Windows Settings | Privacy | Microphone, choose the Change button to ensure access is On and also "Allow apps to access your microphone" is On.
- If you are using an external USB recording device, make sure the device is plugged in and powered on before running GoldWave.
- Double-check all cables and connections.
- Use `Shared` quality for recording.
- Make sure no other software is using the device for recording, such as voice recognition software, voice over IP, messaging, chat, etc.
- Select a different recording device or quality setting on the `Device` tab of the Control Properties window.
- Restart your computer.
- Use the recording `Test` button on the `Device` tab of the Control Properties window.
- If the device is disabled, enable it in Windows.
- Choose the `Information` button on the `System` tab of the Control Properties window to see a list of recording devices and their capabilities.
- If recording into an existing file, use the Record New button instead to create a file that is compatible with the recording device. Be sure to set the `Attibutes` setting to "Use device attributes" in Device Properties. Later use `Copy`, `Paste`, or `Replace` to put the recording in the existing file.
- Switch to `DirectSound` mode on the `System` tab of the Control Properties window
- Contact the manufacturer to obtain an updated sound driver. Sound drivers cause the vast majority of recording related errors.

If your recording device does not support a sampling rate required, record at a supported rate, then use `Resample` to convert it to the required rate.

If nothing helps, try recording in the Windows Sound Recorder accessory included with Windows (see Windows Help for details) to make sure recording is working on your computer.

### Volume and Balance Faders

Use the top volume fader to change the playback volume. Move the fader right or click the plus button to increase the volume. Move it left to decrease the volume. The current volume is shown numerically in a popup tip window to the left of the fader. A value of 100% is full volume.

Use the middle balance fader to change the left/right balance. Move the fader in the direction you want to shift the balance. Right-click on the fader to display a popup menu to quickly set the balance left, right, or center.

Note that these faders do not change the recording volume. See Recording Sounds for more information.

### Speed Fader

The bottom speed fader changes the playback speed of the audio device. Move the fader right to increase the speed or left to decrease it. The relative speed is shown numerically to the left of the fader in a popup tip window. Right-click on the fader to display a popup menu to quickly set the speed to commonly used ratios. Note that changing the speed also changes the pitch like spinning a vinyl record faster or slower. To change the speed of the file, use the Time effect instead.

## Editing Overview

### Selecting Part of a Sound

Almost all commands in GoldWave operate on the currently selected part of a sound. The selected part, or selection, is the highlighted part of the sound graph between two vertical markers (see Main Window figure). The vertical markers are cyan lines located to the left side (start marker) and right side (finish marker) of the view.

GoldWave provides several ways of setting the selection. You can:

- Use the standard click-and-drag method used in most other Windows programs.
- Click the right mouse button to display a menu, then choose `Set Start Marker` or `Set Finish Marker`.
- Drag-and-drop one of the cyan selection markers (useful for precise adjustments of the end points).
- Start playing the sound and use `Move Start` or `Move Finish`. Click on the time axis to start playback anywhere in the sound.
- Click-and-drag using the right mouse button, then choose `Select` from the menu that appears.
- Use `Set`.
- Use the Edit | Channel submenu to select one channel of a stereo file.
- Use the keyboard. See Accessibility Overview for details.

If you just click the left mouse button without dragging, the start marker is moved. The function of the left mouse button can be set using `Window` options. If you just click the right mouse button, a context menu appears, which can be used to start playback at any position. If you click-and-drag with the right mouse button, you can play or zoom in on that area without altering the current selection.

Additional notes and techniques:

- To use the old style of selecting part of a sound (in v4 and earlier), enable the setting under the Options | Window command. Note that none of the new selection features work if you enable that setting.
- You cannot place the finish marker before the start marker. The same is true for setting the start marker after the finish marker.
- Mouse selection methods work in both the main waveform area and in the small Overview area.
- The Edit | Selection | Snap to zero-crossing feature helps to minimize pops and clicks between edit points by finding a point where the waveform is close to zero amplitude.
- In most cases, editing and effects are performed only on the selection. Some effects, such as the `Resample`, and `Playback Rate` alter the entire sound.

### Redrawing the Waveform

You can redraw the waveform with the mouse to remove pops/clicks or other small defects. To do this, you must first zoom in so that individual samples are visible (see `Zoom 1:1` or `Zoom 10:1`).

To directly redraw the waveform:

1. Zoom in 1:1 or closer.
2. Place the mouse arrow directly over the waveform. The arrow will change into a target crosshair.
3. Click and hold the left mouse button.
4. Move the mouse to redraw the waveform.
5. Release the mouse button to finish the changes.

### Cut & Paste, Mixing, and Crossfading

Cutting and pasting audio in GoldWave works much the same way as cutting and pasting text in a word processor. Mixing and cross-fading involves combining two or more sound together so that they play at the same time.

#### Cut & Paste

The Edit | Cut command removes sections of audio. The Edit | Paste command inserts sections of audio from the clipboard. Before you can paste, you need to use Edit | Cut or Edit | Copy to place some audio into the clipboard.

To join several files together:

1. Open the first song.
2. Open the second song.
3. Choose `Copy` from the Edit menu.
4. Close the second song.
5. Choose `End` from the Edit | Paste At submenu.
6. Open the third song.
7. Choose `Copy` from the Edit menu.
8. Close the third song.
9. Choose `End` from the Edit | Paste At submenu.
10. Repeat steps 6 to 9 for each song you want to join.

Use `File Merger` to join many files together.

Use `Split File` to divide a large file into smaller section.

#### Mixing

The Edit | Mix command mixes one sound with another so they both play at the same time.

To add vocals to music:

1. Open the sound containing the vocals.
2. Choose `Copy` from the Edit menu.
3. Open the sound containing the music.
4. Choose `Mix` from the Edit menu.
5. Enter a volume to mix the vocals (0dB = full volume).
6. Adjust the mix time to align the vocals with the music, using the `Preview` button as needed.
7. Choose `OK` to process the mix.

When mixing more than a couple of sounds, you should reduce the mixing volume and the destination volume to prevent clipping distortion. The volume of the destination sound can be reduced before mixing by using the Effect | Volume | Change Volume command.

#### Crossfading

A crossfade occurs when one sound fades out while another sound fades in. Radio stations often use crossfades to fade out the end of one song while fading in the next song so there is no break in the music. GoldWave's Edit | Crossfade command does the same thing by using the clipboard audio. One of the songs must be copied to the clipboard before using the command.

Song 1 | Fade out |
| Fade in | Song 2
| ← Duration → |

To crossfade two songs:

1. Open the first song (the one that will fade out).
2. Open the second song (the one that will fade in).
3. Choose `Copy` from the Edit menu.
4. Close the second song (or activate the first song window).
5. Choose `Crossfade` from the Edit menu.
6. Set `Duration` to 5.00 second (or whatever you prefer).
7. Select the `End of selection`, and `Linear` fade curves settings.
8. Choose `OK` to process the mix.

In some cases more control is needed.

To do a crossfade manually:

1. Open the first song.
2. Move the start marker to select the last 3 seconds of the song.
3. Choose `Fade out` from the Effects | Volume sub menu and use a −160dB final volume. Choose `OK`.
4. Open the second song.
5. Move the finish marker to select the first 3 seconds of the song.
6. Choose `Fade in` from the Effects | Volume sub menu and use an initial volume of −160dB. Choose `OK`.
7. Choose `Select all` from the Edit menu.
8. Choose `Copy` from the Edit menu.
9. Click on the first song to activate that Sound window.
10. Choose `Mix` from the Edit menu and use a volume of 0dB.
11. Choose `OK` to process the mix.

For extra control, use the `Shape Volume` to create custom fades before mixing.

## Storage Overview

GoldWave supports both hard drive based editing and memory (RAM) based editing. These features are described below. Memory storage is enabled by default. Use Options | Storage to configure the storage mode. For uncompressed files, GoldWave will read the audio directly from the original file. It does not copy a file to temporary storage until it is edited or modified. The original file is not changed until it is saved. For most compressed files, the data has to be decompressed to temporary storage when the file is opened.

Working with compressed files may take much more storage than expected. MP3 files, for example, have to be decompressed into temporary storage before GoldWave can edit them. Such files may require over 20 times the amount of compressed storage when opened. A 10MB MP3 file could require over 200MB of storage space.

### Hard Drive

In hard drive based editing, the entire sound is stored in one or more temporary files on your hard drive where it can be modified. This allows you to edit huge files provided the required drive space is available. Only a small amount of memory is required for each opened sound. The drawback is that editing and effects processing take more time since audio data must be transferred to and from the drive.

### Memory

In memory (RAM) based editing, the entire sound is stored in your computer's memory. This allows you to edit and process files very quickly. It saves time and reduces the load on your hard drive. The drawback is that the size of the files must be small enough to fit in the available memory. If you edit or record large files, Windows may start swapping memory to the hard drive, which significantly degrades performance and may cause defects when recording.

If 90% or more of physical memory is in use or if the amount of storage required by the file is more than 75% of the amount of physical memory currently available, then Hard Drive storage is used instead to preserve system stability.

Also note that in the event of a system crash, it will not be possible to recover a file stored in memory.

## File Overview

This section explains file formats and gives general information about how files are handled by GoldWave. Several features for storing and handling files can be configured using Options | Storage and Options | File Formats.

### File Format

Sound files come in a variety of forms. Usually, the form or type of sound can be determined from its filename extension, such as `.wav` or `.mp3`. GoldWave supports all the sound types listed in the Supported File Types table, and more depending on installed file format plug-ins. Each file type can have several sub-formats or attributes. The `.wav` type for example, can hold audio encoded or compressed in dozens of different ways, including PCM, ADPCM, companded, MPEG1 Layer 3, or iTunes compatible M4A.

The table indicates supported features within the file type: cue points (Cues), file information such artist, title, and other metadata (Info), Surround Sound (SrndS), and file sizes larger than 4GB.

Supported File Types
Extension | Comments | Cues | Info | SrndS | >4GB
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
.aiff .aifc .afc | Apple / Macintosh sound files. Compressed files are not supported. Cue points are supported. File text information is supported in ANSI only. `NAME`, `COPY`, `ANNO`, `AUTH`, `genr`, `©url`, `©trk`, `©day`, and `©art` are preserved. |  | ANSI |  |
.ac3 | AC3 compressed files. GoldWave does not support these files directly, but it may open them automatically using system decoders. If not, installing the AC3Filter for DirectShow (search Google) may work. |  |  |  |
.ape | Monkey's Audio compressed files. Requires the APEFile plug-in. |  | ANSI ID3v1 |  |
.asf .avi | Microsoft audio and/or video files. GoldWave can extract the audio portions of these files, but cannot save or create them. See .wma and .wmv below. |  | .asf only |  |
.au | Sun or NeXT files, commonly used on web pages and in Java. Supports 8 & 16 bit linear, mu-law and A-law encoded files. No support for file text information. |  |  |  |
.flac | FLAC sound files. This is a lossless compressed format. GoldWave supports 8, 16, and 24 bit attributes with low (fast), medium, and high (slow) modes of compression. |  | UTF8 |  |
.iff | Amiga 8SVX files. `NAME`, `COPY`, `ANNO`, `AUTH`, and `CHAN` are all preserved. Limited support for file text information. |  | some |  |
.mat | Matlab files. The data must be normalized (i.e. -1.0 to 1.0) for double precision data. If the "wavedata" variable is two dimensional, the data is assumed to be stereo. GoldWave saves audio data in the "wavedata" variable and the rate in the "samplingrate" variable. A 11025Hz sampling rate is assumed if none is present. No support for file text information. |  |  |  |
.mov | QuickTime movie files. GoldWave may use system decoders or QuickTime decoders to extract the audio portion from the file (if present). See the .mp4 and .m4a types for more information. Files cannot be saved in this format. |  |  |  |
.mp3 | MPEG1 Layer 3 compressed sound files. To read these files, you must have an MPEG decoder installed (usually included with Windows). To save a file in this format, you must have the LAME encoder installed. See the GoldWave website for details. File text information is supported in ID3v2 tags using unicode (UTF-16). The ID3v1 tag is read, but not written. |  |  |  |
.m4p | Copy protected/encrypted iTune/MPEG4 sound files. These files cannot be opened in GoldWave. Upgrade them to iTunes Plus to remove the copy protection/encryption. Upgraded files become .m4a files, which can be opened in GoldWave. |  |  |  |
.mp4 .m4a .aac | Unencrypted iTune/MPEG4/AAC sound files. GoldWave opens these files through the Media Foundation system decoders and allows saving if the AAC encoder is installed. File information is preserved. |  | ANSI |  |
.opus | Opus compressed sound files. Gives better quality compression than MP3 and covers a wide range of audio applications. Files are always encoded at 48,000 Hz. Refer to the Opus website for more information. File text information is supported. Opus uses a non-standard channel layout for 4 or 5 channels. See the vorbis channel order (used for Opus) for details. |  | UTF8 | 5.1, 7.1 |
.ogg | Ogg Vorbis compressed sound files. Gives better quality compression than MP3. Refer to the Vorbis website for more information. File text information is supported. See the vorbis channel order for details. |  | UTF8 | 5.1, 7.1 |
.raw | Headerless files containing binary data in 8 bit, 12 bit, 16 bit, 24 bit, 32 bit, single or double precision IEEE, mu-law, or A-law format. |  |  |  |
.sds | MIDI instrument sample dump standard format. Loop points are not supported. No support for file text information. |  |  |  |
.smp | Sample Vision 16 bit PCM sound files. Markers/Loops are not supported. No support for file text information. |  |  |  |
.snd | Raw or NeXT sound files. NeXT files are automatically detected. Opening Raw files displays the File Format window for attributes. No support for file text information. |  |  |  |
.txt | An ASCII text file containing a series of Y values (amplitudes) in human readable form. Values range from -1.0 to +1.0 (but may be +/-10.0) for floating point data and -32768 to +32767 for integer data. No support for file text information. |  |  |  |
.voc | Sound Blaster files. Supports: 8 bit mono/stereo, 16 bit mono/stereo, mu-law encoded mono/stereo. ADPCM compressed files are not supported since the compression algorithm must be licensed from Creative Labs. No support for file text information. |  |  |  |
.vox | Dialogic ADPCM encoded raw files. The File Format window is presented where you can specify the Telephony type and 4 bit VOX ADPCM format. You can use the Options | File Formats command to assign a default format for .vox files. No support for file text information. |  |  |  |
.wav | RIFF WAVE 8 to 32 bit PCM mono or stereo, A-law encoded, mu-law encoded, and Microsoft ACM compressed files. MPEG compressed audio is support only if the MPEG decoder is installed. Only files with one `data` chunk are supported. The chunks `fact`, `LIST INFO`, `LIST adtl`, and `cue` are detected. All others are ignored. Cue points are supported. File text information is supported in ANSI only. | ANSI | ANSI |  |
.wma | Windows Media Audio files. Supports several different bitrates from low bandwidth to high quality lossless. File text information and cue points are supported. | name only |  |  |
.wmv | Windows Media Video files. The first audio track is extracted from the video file. File text information and cue points are read. Files cannot be saved in this format. |  |  |  |
.wv | WavPack compressed files. GoldWave does not support these directly. Installing the DirectShow Filter from the WavPack website may allow GoldWave to open and convert them. |  |  |  |
.xac | Extended Audio Container. Currently used only by GoldWave. | UTF8 | UTF8 |  |

Supported | Limited support | Unsupported

#### File Format Window

Use the File Format window to manually specify the format and attributes of the audio in a file that cannot be opened automatically.

Normally GoldWave detects and automatically opens all the supported file types. However, there are several cases where GoldWave may not be able to open a file:

- The file does not contain any header information and there is no file association (see Options | File Formats).
- The file type is recognized, but the file structure is invalid or corrupt.
- The file uses a new compression method or format that GoldWave does not recognize.
- The file type is not supported by GoldWave or any plug-ins.

If any of these conditions occur, GoldWave displays the File Format window (shown below) so that you can specify the type and attributes manually. GoldWave lists all the file format plug-ins that support reading raw audio data. If you are working with PCM or uncompressed binary data (like CD audio), select the Raw type. If you are working with Telephony files, select the Dialogic type. Other types may be listed depending on what plug-ins you have installed.

If this window appears when opening MP3 files or iTunes, then the decoders or plug-ins required to open the files are not installed on the computer. GoldWave cannot open the file properly unless those are installed.

Figure: File Format

File Format Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
File | Sets the file type or plug-in to use to open the file.
Attributes | Specifies the structure, range, and layout of the audio data supported by the file type or plug-in. See the Attributes section for details. Common format attributes are listed below.
Format | Description and Attributes
--- | ---
PCM | Audio is uncompressed 8, 12, 16, or 32 bit data. A Windows system usually creates 8 bit, unsigned or 16 bit, signed, little endian data. A Macintosh system usually creates 8 bit, signed and 16 bit, signed, big endian data. The signed attribute tells GoldWave how the bits should be interpreted. The endian attribute tells GoldWave the byte ordering of the data. Big endian has the most significant byte first. Little endian has the least significant byte first.
Telephony | Audio is in a compressed format used in telephone applications. This includes mu-law, A-law, ISDN A-law (inverted A-law), and 4 bit ADPCM VOX Dialogic files.
Floating point | Audio is binary IEEE floating point single precision (32 bit) or double precision (64 bit) data. The byte ordering is usually little endian.
Text | Audio is a plain text (ASCII) file containing numbers. The float attribute tells GoldWave that the numbers range from -1.0 to 1.0. The integer attribute tells GoldWave that the numbers range from -32768 to 32767.
Encoded | Audio is compressed using an encoding algorithm. Such files cannot be opened properly through the File Format window and require a separate plug-in for decoding.
Rate | Sets the sampling rate for the audio data. This value does not affect how the data is translated. If the wrong rate is selected, the sound will either play too slow or too fast. Use `Playback Rate` to change the rate later. A CD audio recording has a sampling rate of 44100Hz. A Dialogic VOX or telephony file usually has a rate of 6000Hz or 8000Hz.
Data | Displays data at the beginning of the file in hexadecimal and ASCII form. This is useful only if you need to examine the raw contents of the file to identify its format.

If you do not know the format, experiment with trial-and-error. Appendix A has more information about sound attributes. Start with an 8 bit or 16 bit PCM attributes, then try the mu-law or A-law formats. Generally, sounds will be noisy if the format or number of bits is incorrect, in which case you will have to close and reopen the sound using a different format. You can leave the sampling rate unchanged since it affects only the playback speed and can be changed later using `Playback Rate`.

If the file is saved later, use a different filename and type using `Save As` so that GoldWave will be able to open the file next time. Or to make GoldWave assume a format for a particular file type extension, use the `Undetectable Types` tab in Options | File Formats to associate a format with the extension.

### File Format Plug-ins

GoldWave supports external file format plug-ins for opening and saving files. These plug-ins are created by other developers by using the GoldWave Plug-in Development Kit to handle file types that GoldWave does not support directly.

GoldWave checks for new plug-ins only during startup, so if a new plug-in is installed, you must restart GoldWave for it to be detected.

Use Options | File Formats to enable and disable plug-ins or to change the order in which they are used.

When you open a file in GoldWave, these steps are followed:

1. If the file type is a CD audio (CDA) track, you are advised to use the `CD Reader` tool and no further processing occurs.
2. For all other file types, the file is passed to each file format plug-in module until one is able to handle the file. The order is configured under the `File Plug-in Precedence` tab of the File Format Options window.
3. If none of the plug-ins support the file format, then the `Undetectable Types` list under the File Format Options window is used to determine if type and attributes have been associated with the file type. If so, the file is open automatically using those attributes.
4. If there are no associations, then the File Format window is displayed so that the attributes can be specified manually. Chances are that compressed files cannot be open and decoded properly unless a new plug-in is installed for that file type.

#### MP3 Settings

- `Custom` button in the `Default Save Format` tab of Options | File Formats with the MP3 file type selected.
- `Custom` button in the `Convert` tab of `Batch Processing` with the MP3 file type selected.
- `Custom` button in the `Select Audio Attributes` window with the MP3 file type selected.

Use these settings to set MP3 related attributes directly.

MP3 Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
VBR quality | Uses a variable bitrate (VBR) when encoding the file. Use `Bitrate range` to set the minimum and maximum bitrates specified. The range of available bitrates depends on the sampling rate. Selecting a lower or higher sampling rate lists lower and higher ranges of available bitrates. Set it to `Off` to use a constant birate.
Channels | Sets the number of channels in the file and how stereo encoding is handled. Use `Mono` to create a single channel file. The other options create a stereo file. Use `Stereo` to create a typical stereo file. Use `Joint Stereo` to get better compression when the left and right channels contain similar audio. Use `Dual Channnel` when the left and right channels contain completely different audio.
MPEG bits | Sets bits in the MPEG header. `Include CRC` tells the encoder to include CRC data after the header. `Copyright` means the audio is copyrighted. `Original` means the audio is new or original material.

## Effects Overview

Effects modify, enhance, and change sounds in a variety of ways. These commands are similar to font menu commands in word processors. For example, using font commands, you can change the size of the letters. In GoldWave, using `Change Volume` changes the "size" of a sound. Changing the colour of a font would be similar to changing the pitch of a sound using `Pitch`

For an introduction to some of the terms used in this section, refer to the Editing Overview section and Appendix A. A variety of volume scales may be used by effects.

Most effects in GoldWave are cumulative. This means that if you use the same effect with the same settings, then the sound is changed each time. For example, if you use `Change Volume` with a value of -6.02dB, then the volume of the sound decreases to half its current level. If you use that effect again, the volume decrease again, giving one quarter the original volume.

Another example is `Time`. If you specify a change of 50%, then time is slowed to half and the sound is twice as long. Using the effect again at 50% makes the sound four times as long.

There are a few exceptions. `Maximize Volume` has an absolute setting. Maximizing the volume to 0dB sets the sound's peak volume to 0dB. Using the effect again at 0dB has no affect.

The `Effect Chain Editor` tool allows several simple effects to be chained together and processed as a single unit for faster processing.

`Batch Processing` allows any number of edits and effects to be applied many files.

### Common Controls for Effects

Many effects have similar controls such as presets and shape boxes. These are explained below.

Figure: Common Controls for Effects
Graph Window Left-click to add or drag-and-drop point.
Right-click to remove point. Shape Line Current Point Shape Controls Preview
Controls Preset Controls

#### Presets

Presets store settings, parameters, and shapes (described below) for quick retrieval the next time the effect or command is used. Controls for presets consist of a drop down list box, an add button, and a remove button, as shown in the figure above.

Most effects have a Default preset, which can be changed so that the same settings are used every time the effect window is shown. See Options | Window for a setting to automatically update the Default whenever an effect is used.

To add a new preset:

1. Enter in all the new parameters and/or draw the new shape.
2. Type in a new name for the preset in the drop down list. This name should be the same as one currently in the list unless you intend to replace it.
3. Choose the add button.

To delete a preset:

1. Select the preset from the drop down list.
2. Choose the remove button.
3. Choose the `Yes` button to confirm deletion.

To change a preset:

1. Select the preset from the drop down list.
2. Change the parameters.
3. Choose the add button.
4. Choose the `Yes` button to overwrite the preset when prompted.

If you change any of the presets installed by GoldWave, including the Default preset, they will be reset to their original settings if you reinstall or update GoldWave. Use a different preset name to retain a preset across updates.

#### Shape Controls

Several effects in GoldWave use Shape Controls to set graphical parameters or dynamically alter the effect across the selection. Shape Controls usually consist of a graph window and a set of controls, including a `Point` number box, an `Add Point` button, a `Remove Point` button, an `X` value box, and a `Y` value box as shown in the figure above.

Graph Window
The graph window initially contains a single line with two endpoints, shown as large dots. By clicking the left mouse button anywhere inside this window, you can add new points to bend the line into a variety of zigzag shapes. To move a point, click on it and drag it to a new location. To remove a point, click the right mouse button over the point. Note that endpoints cannot be removed.

Controls
Points can be added, moved, and removed by using these controls. Use the `Point` box to select the current point. Change the `X` and `Y` values to move the point. Use the `Add Point` button to insert a new point between the current point and the next point. Use the `Remove Point` button to remove the current point, except if it is an endpoint.

Shape Controls
Control | Description
--- | ---
Graph Window | Displays the current shape and graph. Click the mouse in the window to add points. Right-click to remove a point.
Point | Sets the current point and associates `X`, `Y`, and `Remove Point` to that point.
X | Sets the X value for the current point.
Y | Sets the Y value for the current point.
Add Point | Adds a new point between the current point and the next point.
Remove Point | Removes the current point.
Time | Adjusts the time within the selection for the graph. May set the preview start time.

Some dynamic effects, such as `Doppler`, `Pan`, and `Shape Volume` start previewing audio based on the current point's time value. If the `X` value of the current point is 1:00, for example, then preview playback starts at that time rather than at the beginning of the selection. This lets you preview the point's settings without playing the entire selection.

To save a shape, use the Presets controls, explained above.

#### Preview Controls

Previewing is a way of listening to how the current effect settings will sound without having to process the entire selection first. Preview Controls consist of a Play button and a Stop button. When the `Play` button is pressed, previewing usually starts at the beginning of the selection. In some cases, such as effects that have time based shapes, previewing will start at the current point's time rather than at the beginning of the selection.

In most cases, any changes in the effect settings while previewing are applied in real-time so you can hear the changes as they are made. For more complex effects and most shape based effects, the `Update` button must be used to update previewing with the changes.

The `Update` button is used only for previewing. It does not apply the effect to the sound. Use the `OK` button to process the file.

#### FFT Settings

When performing Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) processing, the sound is divided into small blocks and processed one block at a time. The `FFT size` value controls the size of the these blocks. The number of samples to process is calculated by taking the value as a power of 2. A value of 10 gives 2 to the 10th power, or 1024 samples. By increasing the number of samples, frequencies are processed at a higher resolution, which helps to eliminate chirping and other mechanical sound distortions, but it tends to add more echo. Usually values from 11 to 12 give the best trade-off between distortions and echo.

To smooth out transitions from one block to the next, it is necessary to overlap blocks. The `Overlap` value controls how much of the FFT analysis of one block overlaps the next. A high value makes the transition between each block smoother. It also requires more processing time since overlapping samples are recalculated several times. A low value may result in rougher transitions, but processes faster. For complex audio and tempo or pitch modifying effects, higher values may give better quality.

FFT Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
FFT Size | Controls the number of samples to process in an FFT analysis block (power of 2).
Overlap | Controls the amount of overlap for each FFT analysis block. Usually set to 4x (75% overlap).

### Effect Plug-ins

Effect plug-ins are modules developed by other companies that can be used within GoldWave. These appear under the Effect | Plug-in menu. DirectX and VST plug-in wrappers are available for GoldWave to add support for many of the existing DirectX and VST Audio Plug-ins. Other plug-ins are designed to work with GoldWave directly and will appear as separate items under the plug-in menu, each with its own submenu of effects. In some cases settings for effect plug-ins can be changed using the Options | Plug-in | Effect menu.

If any errors or exceptions occur while using a plug-in, you'll need to contact the plug-in creator for assistance. GoldWave Inc. cannot provide support for plug-ins created by separate (third party) developers.

## Accessibility Overview

This section outlines the accessibility features in GoldWave. Almost all of GoldWave's functionality is accessible through the keyboard. See Keyboard Commands and Options | Keyboard.

### Interface

If a screen reader is active when starting GoldWave, the program automatically changes its interface slightly to be more screen reader friendly.

Screen reader mode can be switched on manually by using `GoldWave Setup` in the Windows Start menu and checking the `Force screen reader mode` box.

The status visual in the Control window becomes a text box that gives the elapsed time, the current status, and the left and right peak levels (in parentheses). The levels are reset whenever playback or recording is restarted. The levels are given in percentages, but tabbing to the text box and pressing `D` changes it to decibels. Pressing `D` again changes it back to percentages. Press `R` to reset the peaks. Press `P` to pause updates to give time for the screen reader to read it. These keys only work when the status visual has the keyboard focus and the keys have not been assigned to other functions in GoldWave.

All images are removed from the menus so that standard Windows text menu items are used instead of custom drawn ones, ensuring that menus are easily readable. If menus cannot be read, be sure to uncheck the `Toolbar images in menu` box under Options | Toolbar.

Also when a screen reader is active, GoldWave defaults to shared playback instead of exclusive playback so that the screen reader can share the audio device with GoldWave.

Almost all windows in GoldWave provide edit boxes where values and settings can be entered rather than relying on visual controls only. Use the `Tab` key to move between controls.

Use `Alt+F6` to switch between GoldWave's Main window and Control window. Use the `Tab` key to move through the buttons and faders. The arrow keys change the fader settings. Unless you need to access the volume, balance, or speed faders, it is best to dock the Control window. Use the Tool | Control command to dock or undock it.

### Navigation

Finding certain parts of a sound file is done through keyboard navigation, which involves playing the file and moving the playback marker until the area if interest is located. GoldWave includes many keys for playing different parts of the sound. They are listed in the following table. The amount that the marker is moved depends on the zoom level, explained in the View section below.

The View | Auto Scroll Lock menu item must be checked for keyboard navigation to work.

Keyboard Navigation
Keystroke | Action
--- | ---
Space | Starts playback or stop it (toggles playback). The region that is played depends on the Play 3 button settings.
J, K, L | Rewinds, plays, and fast forwards respectively. Playback always starts at the playback marker position.
Shift+J, Shift+K, Shift+L | Makes the playback speed slower, normal, and faster respectively.
F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8 | Plays 1, plays 2, plays 3, rewinds, fast forwards, pauses, and stops respectively. See Play Properties for the play button settings.
Ctrl+G | Sets the playback marker to a specific time (go to).
H | Starts playback relative to the mouse's horizontal position in the waveform.
Shift+[ | Plays some audio up to the start marker. `Marker preview` controls the amount of audio played or three seconds is played if that value is set to zero.
Shift+] | Plays three seconds of audio up to the finish marker. `Marker preview` controls the amount of audio played or three seconds is played if that value is set to zero.
Ctrl+[ | Plays from the start marker to the finish marker.
Ctrl+] | Plays from the finish marker to the end.
Left | Move the playback marker backward.
Right | Move the playback marker forward.
Page Up | Moves the playback marker one screen backward.
Page Down | Moves the playback marker one screen forward.
Home | Moves the playback marker to the start marker's position.
End | Moves the playback marker to the finish marker's position.
Ctrl+Home | Moves the playback marker to the beginning of the sound.
Ctrl+End | Moves the playback marker to the end of the sound (playback stops).

### Editing Keys

In addition to using the Edit | Selection | Set and the Edit| Selection | Move... commands, there are a number of ways of changing the selection with the keyboard. They are listed in the following table. The amount that the selection markers are moved depends on the zoom level, explained in the View section below.

Keyboard Selection
Keystroke | Action
--- | ---
Shift+Left, Shift+Right | Moves the start marker left or right (backward or forward). See the Marker preview playback setting.
Ctrl+Shift+Left, Ctrl+Shift+Right | Moves the finish marker left or right.
Ctrl+A | Selects the entire sound.
Shift+Home | Moves the start marker to the beginning of the sound.
Shift+End | Moves the start marker to the finish marker's position.
Ctrl+Shift+Home | Moves the finish marker to the start marker's position.
Ctrl+Shift+End | Moves the finish marker to the end of the sound.
[ (left bracket) | Moves the start marker to the playback marker.
] (right bracket) | Moves the finish marker to the playback marker.

After deleting or cutting the selection, the selection is empty, so if the playback buttons are set to play the selection, nothing will play. Use `Ctrl+A` to select the entire file.

Keep in mind that most of the playback keys stop playback at the finish marker and there may be more audio beyond it. Use `Trim Both` to remove any audio outside the selection, if you only want to save what is in the selection.

If recording is stopped, the finish marker is moved to the stop time. To continue recording from that point, use `Shift+End` to move the start marker to the finish marker, then use `Ctrl+Shift+End` to move the finish marker to the end. Starting recording will continue from where it was stopped.

### View

The view and zoom level control how much audio is displayed on the screen (or page). By default, GoldWave displays the entire file. Use the View Menu Commands to change the amount of audio displayed. This also changes the amount the playback marker and selection markers are moved with each keystroke. The playback marker is moved one tenth of the screen size. Selection markers are moved one hundredth of the screen size. Using View | 10 Seconds displays 10 seconds of audio in the view. The `Page Up` or `Page Down` key moves the playback marker 10 seconds backward or forward. The `Left` or `Right` key moves the playback marker 1 second backward or forward. The selection keys move the start or finish marker a tenth of a second (0.1s or one hundredth of the view). Using View | 1 Second displays 1 second of audio. At that level, the page, arrow, and selection keys move 1 second, one tenth of a second, and one hundredth of a second respectively.

The `Shift+Up` and `Shift+Down` keys zoom in and out by 75%. The status bars display the selection range and the current zoom level.

Use Window options to change the default initial zoom level when a file is opened.

## File Menu Commands

This section explains commands under the GoldWave's File menu. The File Overview section provides general information about how GoldWave handles files.

### New

- `New` in the File menu.
- `New` button in the Toolbar.

Use `New` to create a new sound with attributes you specify. These attributes are discussed in Appendix A. Note that GoldWave allows you to create and edit sounds that may not be playable with your audio hardware. For CD quality, use stereo, with a sampling rate of 44100Hz. Several commonly used settings are provided in the Presets list. Use the `Initial file length` box to specify the time length of the file (see Entering Times). You can alter the length later with the Edit | Trim menu or `Insert Silence`.

To change the default save format shown in the status bar, see File Formats. To change the recording bit depth, see Device Properties

### Open

- `Open` in the File menu.
- `Open` button in the Toolbar.

`Open` presents a list of files in your sound folder. The sound folder can be set using the `Storage` in the Options menu. All recognized file types are listed. After you select a file, a Sound window is opened and details about the sound are displayed in the status bar. See the File Format section above if GoldWave could not open the file.

The Storage Overview section explains how the files are stored for editing. Depending on the size of the file, you may want to change the storage setting.

### Open URL

`Open URL` in the File menu.

Use `Open URL` to enter the location of a remote file on a website to open. An active network connection is required. The file must have a finite duration. If a stream is opened, the program can never finish opening the file.

The URL is similar to a website address and must begin with the protocol, followed by the website, followed by the file's location, such as `http://www.somewhere.com/somefolder/somefile.mp3`.

Only enter URLs of trusted websites. Always be vigilant when accessing any remote content.

This command may not be present on incompatible versions of Windows.

### Recent

`Recent` in the File menu.

This submenu lists recently used files. Select an item from the submenu to quickly reopen one of the files. Use `Clear List` or Storage Options to clear the list.

### Close

`Close` in the File menu.

Use `Close` to close the current sound. If any changes were made, you are asked to save them.

### Close All

`Close All` in the File menu.

Use `Close All` to close all sound windows. If any changes were made to any of the sounds, you are asked to save each one.

### Information

`Information` in the File menu.

Use `Information` to assign or change text information stored in the file, such as artist, title, copyright, and date. Information is stored in certain file types only, such as `.wav`, `.wma`, `.aiff`, `.ogg`, `.opus` and `.mp3`. Some file types only store a subset of all the items given in the File Information window. Cover art is not supported in `.wav` files. There is no verification of the information entered. It is up to you how to use these items and to follow any guidelines required for a particular file type.

Do not replace artwork with high resolution photos from a camera! Such photos can easily exceed 3MB in size, which is excessive and completely unnecessary for artwork. Use image editing software (Windows Paint) to reduce the size and resolution of the photo. The artwork must be cropped square. A resolution of 300 by 300 pixels is recommended. The file size should be under 200KB when possible.

Any additional information and metadata within a file not shown in this window may not be preserved by GoldWave.

Use the `Copy` and `Paste` buttons to copy information from one file and paste it into another. Use the `Clear` button to erase all text and the artwork.

The File Format section lists the file formats supported by GoldWave and the level of text information retained. Formats supporting unicode text allow international (non-latin) character sets to be used.

When using `Batch Processing` or when splitting a large file with `Split File`, `Track number` can be set to ## (two pound signs). During processing or splitting, the pound signs are replaced with the sequential number of the file being processed or split.

### Save

- `Save` in the File menu.
- `Save` button in the Toolbar.

The sound is saved in a file using its original name and type. If memory or disk space is low, the file may not be saved successfully. GoldWave will inform you if this happens. If Save fails, try deleting some unneeded files or close other applications. Make sure that the file is saved successfully before closing GoldWave, otherwise the changes will be lost. Note that audio from video and movie files cannot be saved. You must save those files in an "audio only" format. You will see the Save As window if you need to save the file in a different type.

Cue points are saved only in certain file types. If you added cue points to a file that does not support them, you can use `Save As` to save it in a different type or save them in a separate Cue File.

An option to confirm saving is available in `Window` in the Options menu.

### Save As

`Save As` in the File menu.

Use `Save As` to save a sound using a different filename, a different file type, or with a different number of channels.

To save the sound using a different name:

1. Choose `Save As` from the File menu.
2. Type in the new name in the `File name` box.
3. Choose `Save`.

`Save As` can be used to convert a sound to a compressed format, such as MP3, M4A/AAC, WMA, Ogg, etc. To save as MP3, select the "MP3 (*.mp3)" type and choose the `Attributes` button to select one of the many attributes. The smaller the bitrate (kbps number), the smaller the file will be. Note that quality may be reduced as well. To save as M4A (iTunes/AAC), select the "Media Foundations (*.m4a)" type. This option works only on versions of Windows that include the AAC encoder.

To convert a sound to a different type:

1. Choose `Save As` from the File menu.
2. Select the type from the `Save as type` list box
3. Choose `Attributes` to select specific attributes if required, then choose `OK`. If the attributes are not set, then common, default attributes are used.
4. Choose `Save`.

To convert stereo to mono:

1. Choose `Save As` from the File menu.
2. Choose `Attributes`
3. Choose "mono" attributes from the list. The attributes should have the same sampling rate as the original file.
4. Choose `OK` to close the attributes list.
5. Choose `Save`.

Use `File Formats` in the Options menu to assign a default format if you always prefer to use a specific file type and attributes.

The `Converted Save` menu provides another way to save the sound in a different format.

Unless the number of channels or sampling rate has changed, GoldWave does not use the compressed audio data after saving. It continues to use the original audio stored in temporary storage. You must close and reopen the file in GoldWave (or play it in a separate program) to hear how the compressed audio sounds. It is strongly recommended that you listen to the compressed file before discarding the original to ensure its quality is acceptable.

The correct type must be selected from the type box. Typing in a different extension by hand for the filename does not convert the sound to the type associated with that extension.

#### Select Audio Attributes Window

`Attributes` button in the Save As window.

The Select Audio Attributes window lists all combinations of attributes supported by a given file type. Use the `Filters` boxes to find the attributes required. Only attributes that match the filters are listed. The Attributes and File Compression sections explain the different kinds of attributes that may be listed.

An item in the list must be selected before choosing `OK`.

Use presets to save and quickly select commonly used attributes. Some presets are included for Wave, MP3, M4A, and FLAC files.

#### Encoder Not Found Window

The Encoder Not Found window is displayed when attempting to save in MP3 format and an MPEG Layer-3 encoder cannot be found on the computer. If "ACM" attributes were selected, the Windows Audio Compression Manager (ACM) MPEG encoder must be installed. If it is not, download the LAME encoder and reselect attributes with "LAME" instead.

Choose `Download` to allow GoldWave to download the LAME encoder automatically. You must have an active Internet connection that does not require the use of a proxy server. Your firewall setup must allow GoldWave access to the network through HTTP.

Choose `Browse` if the encoder is already installed to provide the location of the encoder to GoldWave.

Choose `Cancel` to save the file in a different format.

For information about installing the LAME MP3 encoder manually, please see the website. A separate patent license may be required to use the encoder. GoldWave Inc. does not provide a patent license.

### Save All

`Save All` in the File menu.

`Save All` saves all modified sounds. A confirmation window appears before all changes are saved.

### Save Selection As

`Save Selection As` in the File menu.

`Save Selection As` saves the selected part of the sound to a file. Use this command to save parts of a large file. The Save As window appears where you can specify the new filename, type, and attributes for the file.

### Converted Save

`Converted Save` in the File menu.

Use the `Converted Save` submenus to save the sound in different formats. The current format of the sound is not changed. Use `Edit Presets` to add or remove file types and attributes to the menu structure.

### Edit File Presets

`Edit Presets` in the File | Converted Save submenu.

Use this window to add presets to the Converted Save submenu. To add a preset, select the file type first, then select the attributes, then enter a name for the preset in the `Presets` box and choose the add button. To remove a preset, select the file type, then select the preset from the `Presets` drop down list and choose the remove button. See presets for more information and using presets. Refer to the Attributes and File Compression sections for more information about attributes.

### Batch Processing

`Batch Processing` in the File menu.

`Batch Processing` is a powerful tool for processing and converting a set of files automatically.

Use `Batch Processing` to:

- Compress all your `.wav` files to `.mp3` to save disk space
- Convert iTunes `.m4a` to `.mp3` for playback on any portable audio player, USB flash drive for you car or TV, etc.
- Adjust volume levels of all your songs so some songs aren't louder than others
- Update file information, metadata, tags
- Remove pops/clicks, equalize, and maximize volume levels to restore all your old vinyl albums or tape recordings
- Insert or append an audio leader or trailer in a set of files
- Create a comprehensive list of effects and edits that you use frequently so you can apply them to files currently opened in GoldWave in a few clicks

Each tab contains settings to configure edits and effects, conversions, destination folder, and file information. These are explained below.

When everything is configured, you can use the preset controls to save all the settings, then choose the `Begin` button to start processing all the files. A status window will appear showing the progress and listing any errors that occur.

Files are processed one at a time in the order they are listed. Each file is processed as follows:

1. The file is opened (if not currently opened) and decompressed or decoded into GoldWave's internal audio format. Memory or hard drive storage is used depending on the Options | Storage setting.
2. Effects and editing commands are executed in the order they appear on the Process tab.
3. File information is changed based on the settings on the Information tab.
4. The file is converted, compressed, or encoded into the file type and attributes specified on the Convert tab and saved in the destination folder specified on the Destination tab.
5. The original file is overwritten or deleted only if that option is selected on the Destination tab.

To process raw files that GoldWave cannot open automatically, such as `.vox` or `.pcm`, use Options | File Formats to add a default format for that type.

Source Tab
Use these controls to specify files to process. Select `Current Sound window` to process the currently active Sound window opened in GoldWave. Only items on the `Process` tab are applied. No other changes are made. The file is not converted and the information is not changed. Select `All Sound windows` to process all opened Sound windows in GoldWave in the same manner.

Select `Files and folders` to create a list of files to process. Add files with the `Add Files` button or drag-and-drop a group of files from Windows Explorer. Add an entire folder (including subfolders) or all the files in a folder of a specific type by using the `Add Folder` button. Remove items from the list by selecting one or more of them and choosing the `Remove` button. The `Clear` button removes all files and folders from the list.

Process Tab
To apply effects or edits to a group of files, use this tab to add a set of effects, edits, or chains to the list. If no effect processing is required, remove all effects by using the `Clear` button on this tab. To remove a single effect from the list, select the effect and use the `Remove` button. To change the order of processing, drag-and-drop items within the list or use the `Up` or `Down` button.

To add an effect, use the `Add Effect` button to display a tree list of all effects available and their presets. Select the preset you want to use. If you require custom effect settings, you must create new presets for the effect outside of Batch Processing. To do that, open a file, display the effect window, adjust the settings, then add a preset. Chains may be added by using the `Add Chain` button. Effects and chains are performed on the entire file by default. To perform them on part of the file only, add an edit to set the selection first (see the fade in/out example below).

To add an edit, use the `Add Edit` button. The `Set Marker/Selection` edit command sets the part of the file (the selection) to use for all subsequent effects and edits during processing. The selection can be specified using time, percent, or cue point names or indexes. If using the `Cue` option to set the selection, the first cue point matching the given name is used. If a number is given, cue points are searched for a name matching the number. If no such cue point is found, then the number is used as an index in the list of cue points. So if the number `6` is given, for example, a cue point with the name "6" is searched for first. If that name isn't found, then the sixth cue point is used. The `Quick selection` drop down list contains many examples of selection settings.

To change settings for an edit or effect, remove it, add a new one with the correct settings, then drag-and-drop it to the correct position in the process list (if necessary). If you require effect settings that are not available in any of the current presets, open a file and use the Effect menu or the `Effect Chain Editor` tool to create a new preset or chain with the settings you require prior to using `Batch Processing`.

To add or edit a comment, either double click a line in the process list or select a line and press the `Ctrl+N` key. If you are changing or adding a comment to an existing preset, be sure to update the preset by choosing the preset Add button.

Process Example
You have hundreds of songs and want to create a 10 second sample file for each song, with the beginning faded in, the end faded out, and the volume maximized. To set up that processing requires adding eight edits and effects, as explained below.

- Trim the file to 10 seconds:
  1. Choose the `Add Edit` button.
  2. Select the `Set Marker/Selection` edit command.
  3. In the `Finish marker position` group, set the `Time` to 10 and choose `After beginning` from the `Where` drop down list.
  4. Choose the `Add` button.
  5. Select the `Trim` edit command.
  6. Choose the `Add` button.
  7. Choose the `Close` button.
- Fade-in the beginning of the file:
  1. Choose the `Add Edit` button.
  2. Select the `Set Marker/Selection` edit command.
  3. In the `Finish marker position` group, set the `Time` to 1 and choose `After beginning` from the `Where` drop down list.
  4. Choose the `Add` button.
  5. Choose the `Close` button.
  6. Choose the `Add Effect` button.
  7. Expand the `Fade In` branch.
  8. Select the `Silence to full volume, linear` item.
  9. Choose the `Add` button.
  10. Choose the `Close` button.
- Fade-out the end of the file:
  1. Choose the `Add Edit` button.
  2. Select the `Set Marker/Selection` edit command.
  3. In the `Start marker position` group, set the `Time` to 1 and choose the `Before end` from the `Where` drop down list.
  4. Choose the `Add` button.
  5. Choose the `Close` button.
  6. Choose the `Add` Effect button.
  7. Expand the `Fade Out` branch.
  8. Select the `Full volume to silence, linear` item.
  9. Choose the `Add` button.
  10. Choose the `Close` button.
- Maximize the volume of the entire file:
  1. Choose the `Add Edit` button.
  2. Select the `Set Marker/Selection` edit command. Settings select the entire file by default.
  3. Choose the `Add` button.
  4. Choose the `Close` button.
  5. Choose the `Add Effect` button.
  6. Expand the `Maximize Volume` branch.
  7. Select the `Full dynamic range` item.
  8. Choose the `Add` button.
  9. Choose the `Close` button.

After performing all these steps, the process list will contain eight edit and effect items. Use the `Convert` and `Destination` tabs to set the file type and destination folder for the 10 second sample files (so the original files are not overwritten). Add all the songs in the `Source` tab and begin processing.

To use clipboard related edit commands, it may be necessary to open a file and copy it prior to using `Batch Processing`. For example, to paste or mix an announcement at the beginning of many files, first open the file containing the announcement, use `Copy`, then use `Batch Processing` and add a `Paste` or `Mix` edit command to the `Process` list.

Convert Tab
If the `Convert files to this format` box is checked, then files are converted to the format specified on this tab. Otherwise no conversion is performed and a processed file will have the same format as the original file, if possible. If the same format cannot be used, then an error is reported.

Use the `Save as type` drop down list to select the destination format for the conversion, then use the `Attributes` drop down list to select the specific attributes to use for the destination type. If a save type supports customized attributes, use the `Custom` button to display a configuration window.

If the attributes allow any sampling rate to be used, you can specify the destination rate to use by checking the `Rate` box and entering the rate in the box. Some attributes have a fixed rate, so a separate rate cannot be specified for those. If no rate conversion is needed, make sure the `Rate` box is not checked. In that case, a processed file will have the same rate as the original file.

Destination Tab
To stored all processed files in the folder where they currently reside, select `Store all files in their original folder`.

To store all processed files in a specific folder, select `Store all files in this folder` and specify a folder in the box provided. You can click on the folder button to browse for a folder.

When adding an entire folder with subfolders by using the `Add Folder` button, select `Preserve subfolder structure` to ensure that the relative subfolders are maintained when storing processed files in a different destination folder. If this item is not checked, all files are stored in the destination folder and no subfolders are created. Folders listed in the file list will have double backslashes. The part before the double backslashes will be replaced by the destination folder. For example, if the destination folder is `C:\Folder1\` and the added folder (with subfolders included) is `C:\Source1\Source2\`, then the file list may look something like this:

    C:\Source1\Source2\*.*
    C:\Source1\Source2\\Source3\*.*
    C:\Source1\Source2\\Source4\*.*
    C:\Source1\Source2\\Source4\Source5\*.*

Note the double backslashes. The destination folders will be:

    C:\Folder1\*.*
    C:\Folder1\Source3\*.*
    C:\Folder1\Source4\*.*
    C:\Folder1\Source4\Source5\*.*

Taking the last item, the folder is divided into three parts with the following colour coding: the `original source root folders`, the `subfolders`, and the `pattern`.
`C:\Source1\Source2``\\``Source4\Source5\``*.*`
The destination folder is:
`C:\Folder1\`
The original source folders are replaced by the destination folder to give:
`C:\Folder1\``Source4\Source5\``*.*`

Using the `Add Folder` button more than once when preserving subfolders is not recommended unless you fully understand how the source folder, subfolders, and destination folder are manipulated.

To overwrite any files having the same name and folder as the processed file, check the `Overwrite existing files` checkbox. GoldWave fully processes original files before overwriting them. Check the `Only if older than the original` checkbox to process and overwrite files that have not been processed or modified recently. Files are processed only if the destination file does not exist already or if the destination file is older than the original file. Selecting the `Delete original files` checkbox removes the original files after processing. Note the warning below.

Overwriting or deleting original files is not recommended. Processing lossy formats such as MP3 and iTunes M4A reduces the quality. Always keep a copy of the high quality original files.

Use `Create log file` to save the processing details shown in the progress window to a text log file that can be viewed and searched later (in the Notepad accessory, for example).

Information Tab
Use this tab to control how information is processed. See File | Information.

Information Tab Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Retain current text information | Keeps the file's current information unchanged.
Replace text information | Replaces all of the information with new information provided using the `Set Info` button. Any blank entries are removed from the file.
Replace specified text information only | Replaces the information with new information provided using the `Set Info` button. Blank entries are not removed or changed, except the Title. GoldWave uses the file's name as the Title text when a file currently has no Title.
Remove text information | Removes all text information from the processed file. The Title is not set.
Remove text information and pictures | Removes text, cover art, and other pictures.

If the `Track number` is set to `##`, GoldWave replaces it with a sequential number based on the order in which the files are processed. The first processed file will have a track number of 01, then the next file will have 02, etc. If the `Title` is left blank and the file does not have a title, GoldWave sets it to the file's name.

Depending on the settings used, all processed files may have exactly the same information (except for `##` track numbering and title mentioned above), so care must be taken when specifying file specific information such as the `Title`. Also note that not all file types can store information.

When retaining information and converting to a different file type, some information from the old file type may not be valid for the new file type. GoldWave does not verify any information, so care must be taken when retaining information while converting.

#### Batch Add Folder Window

`Add Folder` button on the `Source` tab of Batch Processing window.

Use this window to add an entire folder or file type to `Batch Processing` source list.

Enter the folder path in the `Folder` box or use the folder button to browse for a folder.

Specify the file type in the `Type filter` box. To add all files in the folder, select the `*.*` item from the drop down list. To add Wave files only, select the `*.wav` item. To add MP3 files, select `*.mp3`. Other unlisted items can be entered manually, such as `*.abc`.

Use the `Include all subfolders` checkbox to include all subfolders within the given folder. The entire tree of subfolders will be added to the list for processing. Use the `Preserve subfolder structure` checkbox on the `Destination` tab of `Batch Processing` to maintain the relative subfolder structure when storing processed files.

#### Batch Add Edit Window

`Add Edit` button on the `Process` tab of Batch Processing window.

Use this window to add edit commands to `Batch Processing` process list. Supported commands are listed in the `Edit command` listbox. Additional settings may appear in the `Settings` area when a command is selected. Some commands do not have any additional settings.

To add edits and/or change the selection:

1. Select the edit command from the `Edit command` list.
2. Enter settings, if any.
3. Choose the `Add` button.
4. Repeat the above steps to add more edit commands.
5. Choose `Close` to close the window.

When changing the selection, use the `Quick settings` drop down list to see examples of selections. If using the Cue option, the first cue point matching the given name is used. If a number is given, cue points are searched for a name matching the number. If no such cue point is found, then the number is used as an index in the list of cue points. So if the number `6` is given, for example, a cue point with the name "6" is searched for first. If that name isn't found, then the sixth cue point is used.

For more information about each command, look up the command in the Edit Menu Commands.

See Also: Editing Overview, Batch Add Effect Window

#### Batch Add Effect Window

`Add Effect` button on the `Process tab` of Batch Processing window.

Use this window to add an effect to the `Batch Processing` process list. The tree list shows all plug-in modules.

To add GoldWave effects:

1. Expand the `GoldWave*` branch to list all built-in effects.
2. Select and expand the an effect branch under the `GoldWave*` branch to list all presets available for that effect.
3. Select one of the presets.
4. Choose the `Add` button.
5. Repeat the above steps to add more effects.
6. Choose `Close` to close the window.

To use effect settings that are not available in any of the current presets, open a file and use the effect to create a new preset with the settings you need.

To select an effect from a different plug-in module, scroll down the list and select the module name to expand its branch.

To use the effect on part of the file only, add an edit command to set the selection first.

See Also: Editing Overview, Edit Menu Commands, Effect Menu Commands, Presets

#### Batch Add Logic Window

`Add Logic` button on the `Process tab` of Batch Processing window.

Use this window to add logic to the `Batch Processing` process list. Construct a logic statement or add labels by using the drop-down list boxes and edit boxes. See the tables below for details.

To add logic to skip mono files:

1. Select "If value of" from the first box.
2. Select "channels" from the second box.
3. Select "is equal to" from the third box.
4. Select "parameter" from the fourth box.
5. Enter `1` in the edit box below the parameter.
6. Select "cancel processing this file" from the fifth box.
7. Choose the `Add` button.
8. Choose `Close` to close the window.

To add logic to paste the clipboard enough times to fill at least 5 minutes:

1. Select "Label" from the first box.
2. Enter "Loop" for the label in the right edit box.
3. Choose the `Add` button.
4. Choose `Close` to close the window.
5. Choose the `Add Edit` button to add a `Paste` command.
6. Choose the `Add Logic` button.
7. Select "If value of" from the first box.
8. Select "file length" from the second box.
9. Select "is less than" from the third box.
10. Select "parameter" from the fourth box.
11. Enter `5:00` in the edit box below the parameter.
12. Select "goto" from the fifth box.
13. Enter "Loop" in the edit below below "goto".
14. Choose the `Add` button.
15. Choose `Close` to close the window.

Logic Statements
Statements | Description
--- | ---
None | Use this statement to unconditionally change the flow of processing by performing a command.
Label | Labels are used by the `goto` command to skip ahead or loop back to a specific point in the processing list.
If value of | Compares the value of two parameters using the selected comparison operator. Parameters are listed below.
Parameters | Description
--- | ---
channels | The number of channels in file. This would be 1 for mono, 2 for stereo, 6 for 5.1 surround sound, etc.
sampling rate | The sampling rate of the file, such as 44100, 96000, etc.
start marker | The position of the start marker in time, such as 00:12.34.
finish marker | The position of the finish marker in time, such as 1:23.45.
selection length | The duration of the selection.
file length | The duration of the entire file.
clipboard length | The duration of the audio in the clipboard.
file number | The sequential number of the file being processed. The first file processed is 1, the second is 2, the third is 3, etc. Use `If value of` `file number` `is equal to` `parameter` with parameter set to `1` to do a command for the first file. Or use `If value of` `file number` `is equal to` `file count` to perform a command for the last file.
file count | The total number of files being processed.
parameter | Allows you to enter any value for the parameter in the box below this drop-down list.

Logic Commands
Command | Description
--- | ---
goto | Skips ahead or loops back to the given label in the processing list. Enter the label in the box below this drop-down list. Use the `Label` statement to add a label in the list.
cancel processing this file | Stops processing the current file and starts processing the next file.
error | Stop processing and displays an error message. Enter the message in the box below this drop-down list.
terminate all processing | Stops all processing. Processing of the current file is stopped and no other files are processed.

See Also: Editing Overview, Edit Menu Commands, Effect Menu Commands, Presets

#### Batch Command Line

Batch Processing on the command line uses presets, so the first step is to use `Batch Processing` to create a preset that does the processing required.

The `-process` command line parameter starts GoldWave in Batch Processing mode and processes files given on the command line. The basic syntax is as follows:

    	"C:\Program Files\GoldWave\GoldWave.exe" -process[:preset] <filespec> [<filespec> ...]

If no preset is specified, then the default (previous) settings are used. The `filespec` can specify a single file or contain wildcard characters (* and ?). Quotes are required if the `filespec` contains any spaces. Other parameters include `-proclog:filename` to set a log file, `-region:start,length` to set the initial selection for processing, and `-clipboard:filename` to set the initial contents of the edit clipboard, and `-outfolder:pathname` to set the destination folder.

To convert all Wave files to MP3 on the command line, for example, first use the Batch Processing command to create a preset with conversion set to the "MPEG Audio" file type and save that preset as "MP3". On the command line, enter the following parameters:

      -process:MP3 "C:\My Music\*.wav"

If the preset name contains spaces, use quotes around the entire parameter:

      "-process:Trim and convert" "C:\My Music\*.wav"

To include all subfolders when processing, include the `-subfolders` command line parameter:

      -process:MP3 "C:\My Music\*.wav" -subfolders

Make sure all folder settings under the `Destination` tab are set appropriately in the preset before using this parameter and specify the absolute pathname of the folder (do not use relative pathnames). To specify a different destination folder than the one contained in the preset, include the `-outfolder` command line parameter. The `Preserve subfolder structure` setting must be set in the preset if the hierarchy is to be preserved. Quotes must be used around the entire parameter if spaces are used:

      "-outfolder:C:\My Music\Batch Destination"

During processing the progress windows is displayed in minimized form, usually just above the Windows Start button. Double-click on it to open it to monitor processing. If no errors occur, the window will disappear and GoldWave will close automatically. Otherwise the progress window opens so that errors can be viewed. To use a log file instead, so that GoldWave always closes regardless of errors, use the `-proclog` command line parameter to specify the name of the log file:

      -proclog:filename

Quotes are required around the entire parameter if the filename contains spaces:

      "-proclog:C:\Log Files\Batch.log"

All messages and errors are appended to the log file in unicode (UTF-16). If you do not require a log file, but still need GoldWave to always close, use `nul` as the filename:

      -proclog:nul

To process many commands in a single instance, store the list of command lines in a text file and use the `@` symbol to specify that file in the `process` parameter. For example:

      "C:\Program Files\GoldWave\GoldWave.exe" -process@batch.txt -proclog:batch.log

If a log file is specified, it will be used by default for all command lines in the list file. A different log file may be specified within the list file too.

Each command line must be stored on a single line in the list file. Do not break a command line across multiple lines. A list file would look like this:

      -process:Trim *.wav -region:10.0,30.0
      "-process:Convert to MP3" "C:\My Music\iTunes\*.m4a" -subfolders -proclog:itunes.log
      "-process:Match Volumes -18dB" *.wav

### Exit

`Exit` in the File menu.

`Exit` closes all Sound windows then closes GoldWave. Any playback or recording is stopped. You are asked to save any changed files.

## Edit Menu Commands

Edit commands remove, insert, copy, move, mix, or replace sections of sound. For an introduction to the concepts and terms used in this section, refer to the Editing Overview section.

### Undo

- `Redo` in the Edit menu.
- `Redo` button in the Toolbar.

Use `Undo` to reverse the most recent change made to a sound. The undo system keeps copies of the preprocessed audio in temporary storage, which can require a significant amount of storage when working with large files in long editing sessions. Use Options | Storage to change temporary storage settings and the number of undo levels allowed. To disable `Undo`, set the number of undo levels to zero.

### Redo

- `Redo` in the Edit menu.
- `Redo` button in the Toolbar.

Use `Redo` to reverse the most recent `Undo`. It restores the last undone change without any processing. Use this after accidentally undoing a change (such as a recording) to recover the change or to do a quick before-and-after comparison. `Redo` is possible only immediately after `Undo`. If any other changes are made, `Redo` cannot be used again until `Undo` is used first. Many levels of `Undo` and `Redo` are possible. In other words, you can undo several changes and redo each of them.

### Cut

- `Cut` in the Edit menu.
- `Cut` button in the Toolbar.
- `Cut` edit command in the Add Edit window of Batch Processing.

Use `Cut` to remove the selection from the sound and place it in the clipboard. The contents of the clipboard can then be mixed or placed into another sound using any of the other editing commands, such as `Mix`, `Paste`, `Paste New`, `Crossfade`, or `Replace`.

To remove the selection without placing it in the clipboard, use `Delete` instead.

If only some channels are selected in a stereo or multichannel sound, then only those channels are removed. Since it is not possible for one channel to be longer than another, the ends of the cut channels are padded with silence.

To cut:

1. Select the part of the sound to cut.
2. Choose `Cut` from the Edit menu.

### Copy

- `Copy` in the Edit menu.
- `Copy` button in the Toolbar.
- `Copy` edit command in the Add Edit window of Batch Processing.

Use `Copy` to copy the selection to the clipboard. The selection is not removed from the sound. The contents of the clipboard can then be mixed or placed into another sound using any of the other editing commands, such as `Mix`, `Paste`, `Paste New`, `Crossfade`, or `Replace`.

To copy individual channels, use the `Select Channels` menu to select one or more channels.

To copy:

1. Select the part of the sound to copy.
2. Choose `Copy` from the Edit menu or click on the `Copy` button in the toolbar.

In the `Copy` edit command in Batch Processing, audio may be copied from a separate file using the `Copy from the following file` setting.

### Copy To

- `Copy To` in the Edit menu.
- `To` button in the Toolbar.

Use `Copy To` to copy the selection to a new file. This may be used to divide a large file into smaller sections or save a piece of a file. The selection is not removed from the sound. The `Save As` window appears to specify the filename, type, and attributes for the file. This is the same as `Save Selection As`. To automatically split a large file into several smaller pieces, use the Cue Points tool and `Split File`.

To save individual channels, use `Select Channels` menu to select one or more channels.

To copy the selection to the file "section.wav":

1. Select the part of the sound to copy.
2. Choose `Copy To` from the Edit menu.
3. Enter "section" for the filename.
4. Select "Wave (*.wav)" from the file type list.
5. Choose `Save`.

### Paste New

- `Paste New` in the Edit menu.
- Second `New` button in the Toolbar.

Use `Paste New` to create a new Sound window containing the sound in the clipboard. To enable `Paste New`, use `Copy` first. The new sound will have the attributes and length of the clipboard sound. This is useful when you need to edit, process, or save the clipboard audio.

To save the selection directly to a new file without copying or pasting, use `Copy To`.

To paste part of a sound into a new sound:

1. Select the part of the sound to copy.
2. Choose `Copy` from the Edit menu.
3. Choose `Paste New` from the Edit menu.

### Paste and Paste At

- `Paste` in the Edit menu.
- Paste At menu in the Edit menu.
- `Paste` button in the Toolbar.
- `Paste` edit command in the Add Edit window of Batch Processing.

After copying audio to the clipboard using `Copy`, use these commands to insert it audio into another sound. `Paste` inserts the clipboard at the start marker's position.

The length of the sound is increased so that the clipboard sound will fit and any audio after the insertion position is shifted so that it comes after the inserted audio. The clipboard sound is automatically converted to match the attributes of the sound, when possible.

The Paste At menu list commands to insert the clipboard at positions other than the start marker. Use `Beginning` to insert at the beginning of the file. Use `Finish Marker` to insert at the finish marker's position. Use `End` to insert it at the end of the file.

To replace the selection, use `Replace` instead.
To join many files together, use the `File Merger` tool.

Copying a small selection and pasting it several times creates a stutter effect.

To insert the clipboard into the sound:

1. `Copy` audio to the clipboard.
2. Move the start marker to the time where the clipboard sound is to be inserted.
3. Choose `Paste` from the Edit menu.

To append the clipboard to the end of the sound:

1. `Copy` audio to the clipboard.
2. Choose Paste At from the Edit menu.
3. Choose `End` from the Paste At submenu.

### Mix

- `Mix` in the Edit menu.
- `Mix` button in the Toolbar.
- `Mix` edit command in the Add Edit window of Batch Processing.

Use `Mix` to blend (layer or combine) the clipboard audio with the selection. To enable `Mix`, audio must be copied to the clipboard first using `Copy`. Mixing essentially allows two sounds to be played at the same time, such as vocals and music or voice overs.

See the Mixing overview for step-by-step instructions.

To automatically fade the music in and out for voice overs, use `Voice Over` instead.

Mix Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Time where mix will begin (s) | Sets the time from the start marker's position where the clipboard audio will be mixed. When mixing vocals in the clipbard, adjust the start time to synchronize the vocals with the music.
Volume (dB) | Set the volume of the clipboard audio for the mix. A value of `0` is full volume. To change the volume of the selection, use `Change Volume` before `Mix`.
Invert | Inverts the clipboard audio when mixing, subtracting the audio amplitudes instead of adding them. Usually this has no audible effect unless the selection and clipboard are almost identical.

### Crossfade

- `Crossfade` in the Edit menu.
- `XFade` button in the Toolbar.
- `Crossfade` edit command in the Add Edit window of Batch Processing.

Use `Crossfade` to fade and mix the ends of two sounds, fading out one song while fading in another. To enable `Crossfade`, a song must be copied to the clipboard first using `Copy`.

See the Crossfading overview for step-by-step instructions.

The selection is used when performing a crossfade. Use `Select All` before using `Crossfade` unless you intend to crossfade within a certain part of the sound.

Crossfade Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Duration (s) | Sets the length of time of the crossfade between the songs. It is the amount of time that the songs overlap, while one song fades out while the other fades in.
Clipboard position | Choose `End of selection` to crossfade the clipboard song after the selection. The selection fades out and the clipboard song fades in. Choose `Beginning of selection` to crossfade before the selection. The clipboard song fades out and the selection fades in.
Fade curve | Sets how the audio is faded. If a song is already faded out at the end, choose `None`. The fade is shown graphically.

Settings may be previewed before applying them. Note that any changes made while previewing are not used until previewing is restarted.

See Also: `Blend At Marker`, `Mix`

### Replace

- `Replace` in the Edit menu.
- `Repl` button in the Toolbar.
- `Replace` edit command in the Add Edit window of Batch Processing.

Use `Replace` to replace the selection with the clipboard. To enable `Replace`, use `Copy` first. The selection is remove and the clipboard is inserted in its place. If the clipboard is longer or shorter than the selection, the length of the file is adjusted as required and audio after the selection is shifted so that it comes after the replaced selection. To avoid changing the length of the file or altering the timing of the sound following the selection, use `Overwrite` instead.

To replace part of a sound with the clipboard:

1. `Copy` some audio to the clipboard.
2. Select the part of the sound to replace.
3. Choose `Replace` from the Edit menu.

### Overwrite

- `Overwrite` in the Edit menu.
- `Over` button in the Toolbar.
- `Overwite` edit command in the Add Edit window of Batch Processing.

Use `Overwrite` to overwrite part of the sound with the clipboard beginning at the start marker's position. To enable `Overwrite`, use `Copy` first. The amount of sound overwritten depends on the length of the clipboard. The length of the file is not changed (unless the clipboard would go beyond the length of the file) and nothing is shifting. If the clipboard is longer than the current selection, then some sound outside the selection will be overwritten as well. The finish marker will be placed at the end of the overwritten sound.

Use `Overwrite` instead of `Replace` when tempo, timing, or alignment of the sound following the selection needs to be preserved, such as for a video track.

To overwrite part of a sound with the clipboard:

1. `Copy` some audio to the clipboard.
2. Move the start marker to the beginning of the audio you want to overwrite.
3. Choose `Overwrite` from the Edit menu.

### Delete

- `Delete` in the Edit menu.
- `Delete` button in the Toolbar.
- `Delete` edit command in the Add Edit window of Batch Processing.

Use `Delete` to remove the selection from the sound. The selection is not copied to the clipboard and the contents of the clipboard is not affected. Use `Delete` instead of `Cut` when the selection is not needed.

If only some channels are selected in a stereo or multichannel sound, then only those channels are removed. Since it is not possible for one channel to be longer than another, the ends of the deleted channels are padded with silence.

To delete:

1. Select the part of the sound to cut.
2. Choose `Delete` from the Edit menu.

### Trim Menu

`Trim` in the Edit menu.

Use `Trim` commands to remove everything outside the selection or to remove leading or trailing silences. `Trim` is similar to cropping images to remove unwanted parts. Note that if only some channels are selected in a multichannel sound, the end of those channels is padded with silence. As an alternative, you can use the Copy To command to save the selection to a separate file.

#### Beginning

- `Beginning` in the Edit | Trim submenu.
- `{Trim` button in the Toolbar (if added).

Use `Trim Beginning` to remove audio before the start marker. If not all channels are selected, the area is replaced with silence instead.

#### End

- `End` in the Edit | Trim submenu.
- `Trim}` button in the Toolbar (if added).

Use `Trim End` to remove audio after the finish marker. If not all channels are selected, the area is replaced with silence instead.

#### Both

- `Both` in the Edit | Trim submenu.
- `Trim` button in the Toolbar.
- `Trim` edit command in the Add Edit window of Batch Processing.

To trim:

1. Select the part of the sound you want to keep.
2. Choose `Trim` from the Edit | Trim submenu.

#### Silence

- `Silence` in the Edit | Trim submenu.
- `TrimS` button in the Toolbar (if added).
- `Trim Silence` edit command in the Add Edit window of Batch Processing.

Use `Trim Silence` to remove leading and trailing silences from the ends of the selection. Unlike other trim commands, `Trim Silence` works within the selection and does not remove anything outside the selection. Be sure the selection contains all the leading and trailing silences to be removed. `Noise Reduction` and `Maximize Volume` are recommended before using this effect to ensure a consistent silence level.

To remove all silences throughout the selection, use `Silence Reduction` instead.

Trim Silence Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Silence to keep (s) | Sets the amount of silence to leave on the ends. Use zero to remove all silence. Extra silence is not added if the existing silence is less than this amount.
Threshold (dB) | Sets the highest level of background noise that should be considered silence. If the audio has a lot of background noise or hiss, use values above -30dB. If the audio is clean, use values below -40dB.
Leading silence, Trailing silence, Both | Sets the end of the selection to trim. `Leading silence` removes the silence at the beginning of the selection. `Trailing silence` removes the silence at the end of the selection. `Both` removes silences from both ends. If only some channels are selected in a stereo or multichannel sound, then only that channel is trimmed. Since it is not possible for one channel to be longer than another, the ends of the trimmed channels are padded with silence, which results in trailing silence. All channels must be selected.

To completely trim silences from both ends of the entire file:

1. Use `Select All` from the Edit menu.
2. Choose `Trim Silence` from the Edit menu.
3. Enter `0` for `Silence to keep`.
4. Enter `-40` for the `Threshold`.
5. Select `Both`.
6. Choose `OK`.

### Mute

`Mute` in the Edit menu.

Use `Mute` to replace the selection with silence. Unlike `Delete` or `Cut`, the length of the sound is not changed. Use this to remove offensive language from music without interrupting the overall beat.

### Blend At Marker

`Blend At Marker` in the Edit menu.

Use `Blend At Marker` to smooth the transition between edit points. After cutting or pasting, the waveform at the selection endpoints may not match, causing a pop or click. `Blend At Marker` takes a small section of audio on either side of the marker and overlaps it with fading so that the section on the left is faded out and the section on the right is faded in. This ensure a gradual transition between edit points.

Note that the length of the file is reduced because of the overlap. When blending music, audio tracks from videos, or other time/tempo sensitive audio, be sure to compensate for the blend duration.

To crossfade between two songs with more control over the fade shape and duration, use `Crossfade` instead.

Blend At Marker Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Duration of blend (s) | Sets the amount of time to overlap on each side of the edit marker. A value of 1.0 takes one second on the left and one second on the right and blends them, creating a one second blend. The length of the file decreases by one second due to the overlapping of the two parts.
Marker | Sets the markers affected by the blend. After pasting in the middle of a file, both the Start and Finish markers may need to be blended. After cutting audio, only one the Start marker needs to be selected.
Curve | Sets the fade curve for blending. For music and highly varying audio, choose "Equal power". For uniform audio, such as pure tones, choose "Linear".

### Find

`Find` in the Edit menu.

Use `Find` to search the sound for silences, peaks, or pop/clicks, or a text phrase in dialogue. Use the `Find` drop-down list to select what to find. Use the `Where` drop-down list to specify where to start searching. Select `Past selection` to find the next occurance. If the finish marker is currently at the end of the file, then the entire file is searched. Enter the search criteria in the boxes provided.

Search Criteria
Find Type | Setting | Description
--- | --- | ---
Silence | Threshold | Sets the minimun level of audio. Anything below that is considered silence.
Duration | Sets the minimum length of time the audio must remain below the thresold to be considered silence. Using a value of 1.0, for example, ignores silences less than one second.
Peak/clipping | Threshold | Sets the level of audio that must be exceeded to be considered a peak. Anything below that level is ignored. Use a thresold of 0dB (or slightly below) to find areas of clipping before saving a file.
Duration | Sets the minimum length of time the audio must remain above the threshold to be considered a peak or clipping. Usually this value will be 0 or very small, spanning just a few samples. For a 44100Hz file, a value of 0.00007 would be about three samples (3/44100).
Pop/click | Tolerance | Sets the percentage of change in the waveform that is to be considered a pop or click. Usually pops or clicks have a very sharp change in the waveform of about 700% or more. Start with a higher value and decrease it as required to avoid finding false positives. Some solo instrumentals (drums, trumpet, etc.) naturally have sharp changes where reliable pop/click detection is not always possible.
Text | Phrase | Sets the search text. This can be a single word, but several words usually give better matches. Everything should be spelled out, including numbers and symbols. Enter "twenty four" instead of "24" or "plus" instead of "+".
Recognizer | Sets the speech recognizer. On most systems only the "Microsoft Speech Recognizer" is available.
Confidence | Sets the confidence level for recognition. If you find that too many false matches are found, increase the confidence value. A value of 100% requires a very high level of confidence for each match. However some matches may be missed. Using a confidence below 50% usually results in too many false positives. Speech recognition rarely works well with music or singing. Ideally the audio should contain dialogue only with low background noise. Use `Noise Reduction` to minimize the background noise or use `Stereo Center` to reduce the music and extract the vocals. Due to the limitations of current speech recognition technology, false positives or missed matches may still occur.

Use the `Zoom in on selection if found` checkbox to automatically zoom in (up to 1:1) on the selection when found. If this box is not checked, then the current zoom level is used and the view is scrolled to the selection instead.

### Insert Silence

- `Insert Silence` in the Edit menu.
- `Insert` button in the Toolbar.
- `Insert Silence` edit command in the Add Edit window of Batch Processing.

Use `Insert Silence` to insert some blank space in the sound. Use this command to make room for recording or to insert a delay. The `Duration` sets the length of the silence. Values may be entered in any of the supported time formats. The `Location` sets the starting position of the silence. The silence may be inserted at the start or finish marker's position or at the beginning or end of the sound.

To insert 1 minute of silence:

1. Move the start marker to the place where silence is required.
2. Choose `Insert Silence` from the Edit menu or click the `Insert` button on the toolbar.
3. Enter `1:00` for the duration.
4. Select `Start { marker` for the location.
5. Choose `OK`.

### Select View

`Select View` in the Edit menu.

Use `Select View` to select all of the sound currently shown in the Sound window's graph. The start and finish markers are moved to the far left and far right of the view.

### Select All

- `Select All` in the Edit menu.
- `All` button in the Toolbar.

Use `Select All` to select the entire sound. The start and finish markers are moved to the beginning and end of the sound.

### Channel Menu

`Channel` in the Edit menu.

Use the Channel submenu to select or unselect channels. In most cases, only selected channels are edited, processed, or played. Use this feature to copy certain channels from a sound or apply an effect to only some channels. When recording or using effects such as `Resample`, `Playback Rate`, or stereo and multichannel effects, the channel setting may not apply and all channels may be modified.

Click on the `Channel` item in the status bar to select channels or use Options | Toolbar to add the `Select Channels` button to the toolbar.

#### Select Channels

- `Select Channels` in the Edit | Channel submenu.
- `Channels` item in the Status Bar.
- `Select Channels` edit command in the Add Edit window of Batch Processing.

Use the Channel Selector window to select one or more channels. Use the radio buttons to select one channel or use the checkboxes to select several channels. Use the `Left` button to select all left channels. Use the `Right` button to select all right channels. Use the `All` button to select all channels.

#### All

`All` in the Edit | Channel submenu.

Selects all channels.

#### Channel List

Items in the Edit | Channel submenu.

Lists all channels that can be selected. Channels with a leading checkbox are currently selected.

### Selection Menu

`Selection` in the Edit menu.

Use the Selection submenu to change the selection or moving the start and finish markers.

#### Set

- `Set` in the Edit | Selection submenu.
- `Set` button in the Toolbar.
- `Set Markers/Selection` edit command in the Add Edit window of Batch Processing.

Use `Set` to change the selection range by setting start and finish markers to an exact time or sample position. To specify a time, choose the `Time based range` option and enter the times in hours, minutes, seconds, and thousandths of a second. Enter `1:23:45.678`, for example. To specify a sample position, choose the `Sample based range` option and enter the positions. Tip: Right click on one of the up/down controls to change the precision of the controls.

To align the length of the selection to a CD sector or 1 kilobyte, select the appropriate option. The finish marker will be adjusted to align length when `OK` is pressed.

See Editing Overview for many more ways of setting the selection.

#### Previous

- `Prev` in the Edit | Selection submenu.
- `Set` button in the Toolbar.
- `Set Markers/Selection` edit command in the Add Edit window of Batch Processing.

Use `Previous` to set the selection to its previous range. The last five selection ranges are stored automatically whenever the selection is changed. Using this command repeatedly sets the selection back to each of those five ranges. Note that absolute positions are stored, so any modifications, such as deleting part of the sound, will not be factored into the previous positions. In such situations the previous positions may not select the same part of the sound that was previously selected (that part may have been deleted).

#### Move Start/Finish To Elapsed

- `Move Start To Elapsed` in the Edit | Selection submenu.
- `Move Finish To Elapsed` in the Edit | Selection submenu.

Use `Move Start To Elapsed` and `Move Finish To Elapsed` to move the start or finish marker at the current playback or recording position. Use the bracket keys, `[` and `]` to move the start and finish markers respectively. If the start marker is moved past the finish marker, the finish marker is moved to the end of the file. If the finish marker is moved ahead of the start marker, then the start marker is moved to the beginning of the file.

#### Move Start To Beginning/Finish

- `Move Start To Beginning` in the Edit | Selection submenu.
- `Move Start To Finish` in the Edit | Selection submenu.

Use `Move Start To Beginning` to move the start marker to the beginning of the file. Use `Move Start To Finish` to move it to the finish marker's position. This sets the selection to nothing.

#### Move Finish To Start/End

- `Move Finish To Start` in the Edit | Selection submenu.
- `Move Finish To End` in the Edit | Selection submenu.

Use `Move Finish To Start` to move the finish marker to the start marker's position. This sets the selection to nothing. Use `Move Finish To End` to move it to the end of the file.

#### Recall Selection Range

`Recall Selection Range` in the Edit | Selection submenu.

Use `Recall Selection Range` to set the selection to the range previously stored using `Store Selection Range`. Hold the `Ctrl` key to recall a range stored within a different Sound window.

#### Store Selection Positions

`Store Selection Range` in the Edit | Selection submenu.

Use `Save Selection Range` to save the current selection range. Use `Recall Selection Positions` reset the range to the stored range. Hold the `Ctrl` key to store the range so they can be recalled in a different Sound window.

#### Snap To Zero-Crossing

`Snap To Zero-Crossing` in the Edit | Selection submenu.

Turn on `Snap To Zero-Crossing` to reduce pops and clicks caused between edit points. When editing, it is important that the waveform not change suddenly from one amplitude to the next, otherwise a click will occur. This can happen when deleting the selection. The amplitude of the waveform at the start marker may be completely different from the amplitude at finish marker. After deleting the selection, these two different amplitude will be adjacent, causing a click.

`Snap To Zero-Crossing` helps minimize the problem by ensuring that the markers are always near zero amplitude samples. When you drag and release a marker, it is automatically moved to a position where the amplitude approaches zero. This means that when you delete the selection, the amplitudes at both the start and finish markers will be more closely matched (near zero).

Since stereo and multichannels sounds can have very different channel amplitudes, finding an ideal zero-crossing position may not be possible. Use the Edit | Channel menu to limit the snap feature to a single channel or use the "Sharp faded ends" preset in `Shape Volume` to force the ends of the selection to have zero amplitude (the unselected ends will have to be faded when deleting the selection).

If the zoom level is close enough that the true shape of the waveform is shown (such as `Zoom 1:1`), the snap feature is automatically turned off so that markers can be placed at any position.

### Cue Point Menu

`Cue Point` in the Edit menu.

Use the Cue Point submenu to edit and set cue points. Use cue points to mark or describe special places or points of interest within a sound.

#### Edit Cue Points

`Edit Cue Points` in the Edit | Cue Point submenu.

`Edit Cue Points` displays the Cue Points tool.

#### Add Cue Point

`Add Cue Point` in the Edit | Cue Point submenu.

Use `Add Cue Point` to place a cue point at the current playback or recording position. The name of the cue point is set to the time position by default, but that can be changed in the Auto Cue window using the "Cue Naming" setting.

#### Add Cue At Start/Finish

- `Add Cue At Start` in the Edit | Cue Point submenu.
- `Add Cue At Finish` in the Edit | Cue Point submenu.

Use `Add Cue At Start` to add a cue point at the start marker's position. Use `Add Cue At Finish` to add a cue point at the finish marker's position.

#### Add And Edit Cue Point

`Add And Edit Cue Point` in the Edit | Cue Point submenu.

Use `Add And Edit Cue Point` to add a cue point and display the Edit Cue Point window.

#### Move Start To Next/Previous Cue

- `Move Start To Next Cue` in the Edit | Cue Point submenu.
- `Move Start To Previous Cue` in the Edit | Cue Point submenu.

Use `Move Start To Next Cue` to move the start marker to the next cue point to the right of the marker's current position or to the end of the file if no cue points are there.

Use `Move Start To Previous Cue` to move the start marker to the previous cue point to the left of the marker's current position or to the beginning of the file if no cue points are there.

#### Move Finish To Next/Previous Cue

- `Move Finish To Next Cue` in the Edit | Cue Point submenu.
- `Move Finish To Previous Cue` in the Edit | Cue Point submenu.

Use `Move Finish To Next Cue` to move the finish marker to the next cue point to the right of the marker's current position or to the end of the file if no cue points are there.

Use `Move Finish To Previous Cue` to move the finish marker to the previous cue point to the left of the marker's current position or to the beginning of the file if no cue points are there.

#### Split File

- `Split File` in the Edit | Cue Point submenu.
- `Split File` button in the Tool | Cue Points window.

Use `Split File` to divide the file into smaller files using cue points as split points. Displays the Split File window.

#### Show Cue Lines

- `Show Cue Lines` in the Edit | Cue Point submenu.
- `Show Cue Lines` in the context menu of the cue points slot.

Displays vertical cue lines on the Sound window graph. This setting applies to each Sound window individually, so lines can be shown in one window and not in another. When a new window is opened, the last setting selected is used.

## Effect Menu Commands

This section explains commands under the GoldWave's Effect menu. Please see the Effects Overview section for general information about how GoldWave employs effects.

### Censor

- `Censor` in the Effect menu.
- `Censor` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

`Censor` replaces the selection with a tone (beep), static, clipboard audio, or gibberish. Use this effect to cover up profanity, cleanly overwrite dialogue with other dialogue, or make dialogue almost unintelligible.

Censor Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Censor type | Sets the sound to use to replace the selection. Most of the censor types are simple tones or noises. `Clipboard` and `Gibberish` are special types. `Clipboard` replaces the selection with audio currently in the clipboard. Use `Copy` in the Edit menu to copy audio to the clipboard before using `Censor`. `Gibberish` scrambles the selection by moving and reversing short sections of audio, making dialogue difficult to understand.
Censor volume (dB) | Sets controls the volume of the censored audio (the tone, clipboard, or gibberish). Usually this is set near full volume.
Source volume (dB) | Sets the volume of the original audio. Usually this is set to the lowest value (Off).
Crossfade time (s) | Sets how long it takes to fade from the original audio to the censored, which eliminates sudden transitions (possible clicks) between original to censored regions. Usually this is set to a small value.

To censor profanity with a beep:

1. Select the word by itself making sure no surrounding dialogue is selected.
2. Choose `Censor` from the Effect menu.
3. Select the "Beep" preset.
4. Choose `OK`.

To replace dialogue:

1. Open the file containing the final dialogue.
2. Use `Copy` on the Edit menu to copy it to the clipboard.
3. Open the file containing the dialogue to be replaced.
4. Select only the dialogue to be replaced. This must be the same length as the copied audio.
5. Choose `Censor` from the Effect menu.
6. Select the "Overwrite with clipboard" preset.
7. Choose `OK`.

The copied dialogue must be exactly the same length as the replaced dialogue for it to be completely overwritten. If the clipboard audio is shorter, then the trailing end of the replaced dialogue will still be present. If the clipboard audio is longer, it will be truncated to fit in the selection. This effect does not alter the length of the selection. The timing of the surrounding audio is not affected, which maintains synchronization in music or video. Use `Replace` to replace a different size selection.

See Also: `Mute`, `Overwrite`, `Replace`, Presets

### Doppler

- `Doppler` in the Effect menu.
- `Doppler` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

A Doppler effect is defined as a change in frequency of a wave caused by motion. You often hear it when police or ambulance sirens drop in pitch as they pass near by.

Use `Doppler` to dynamically alter or bend the pitch of the selection altering the speed at which the waveform is played. Note that both pitch and tempo are changed.

`Shape Controls` allow the pitch/speed to be varied over the selection from 0.25 to 2.0 times normal. Use `Shape Volume` to dynamically alter the volume as well.

The "Slow down" preset gives you a good idea of what it sounds like when the batteries start to fail in a portable tape player. Other presets can change your voice to a chipmunk ("Faster") or a giant ("Slower").

See Also: `Pitch`, `Time`, `Shape Volume`, Presets

### Dynamics

- `Dynamics` in the Effect menu.
- `Dynamics` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

Use `Dynamics` to alter the amplitude mapping of the selection. It can limit, compress, or expand a range of amplitudes. The amplitude mapping is set using Shape Controls, where x-axis and y-axis both have a range of -1 to 1. When the line stretches diagonally from the lower left corner to the upper right corner, the input amplitude (x) and output amplitude (y) are the same for every point on the line. By changing the line, the output will differ from the input.

Figure: Dynamics

The figure above shows an example of amplitude mapping for clipping distortion. Point P1 has an input value of -0.4 and an output value of -0.4. Therefore no change occurs to the amplitude. Point P2 on the other hand, has an input value of 0.8 and an output value of 0.5. In this example, all input amplitudes in the range of -0.5 to 0.5 remain unchanged. Any values outside this range will be limited to ±0.5, so that the final sound will have no amplitude magnitudes greater than 0.5. Essentially, any values that are too high are "clipped" to fit within the range.

In practical terms, dynamics can increase the volume of quiet sections of a sound without greatly increasing the loud sections as well. It can introduce mild or heavy distortion effects (such as the "Blare" or "Hiss noise" preset).

See Also: `Auto Gain`, `Compressor/Expander`, Presets

### Echo

- `Echo` in the Effect menu.
- `Echo` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

Use `Echo` to create an echo or reverb effect in the selection. The settings include number of echoes, echo delay, echo volume, feedback, stereo, and tail generation.

Echo Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Echoes | Sets the number of times the sound is repeated and mixed at a diminished volume with the given `Delay`.
Delay (s) | Sets the amount of time it takes for the first echo to be heard. If more than one echo is used, then each subsequent echo delay is compounded by this amount again. In other words, the second echo is delayed twice as long, the third echo is delayed three times as long, and so on.
Volume (dB) | Sets the loudness of the first echo. The volume of subsequent echoes is compounded in the same way the delay is. Usually values should be less than -6dB.
Feedback (dB) | Sets the loudness of the feedback. Feedback makes an echo sound deeper and richer by regenerates each echo, and the echo of those echoes, and so on, creating many more echoes than before.
Stereo | Causes the echo to bounce between the left and right channels.
Generate tail | Adds some silence to the end of the selection so that the trailing, fading echoes can be stored. This increases the length of the sound. Turn this setting off if you do not want to change the length of the selection or have any silence inserted. If the setting is off, echoes will end abruptly rather than trailing off gradually.

See Also: `Flanger`, `Reverb`, Presets

### Compressor/Expander

- `Compressor/Expander` in the Effect menu.
- `Compressor/Expander` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

The Compressor/Expander effect dynamically alters the audio volume level. It is commonly used as a compressor, limiter, expander, or gate.

This effect does not change the size of the file. For file compression, use `Save As` on the File menu and change the type and attributes.

Compressors and limiters are used to decrease or limit the dynamic range of audio. In simple terms, they reduce the volume of loud sounds while leaving the rest of the sound unchanged. Expanders and gates are used to increase the dynamic range of audio. They reduce or eliminate quiet sections while leaving louder sections unchanged, which can help to reduce background noise.

Compressors always work on loud sections and expanders always work on quiet sections. Normally, both compressors and expanders only reduce the volume. However, GoldWave also allows you to boost the volume.

Compressor/Expander Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Multiplier (dB) | Sets the amount of volume change. It is the scale factor applied to the sound when the threshold is met. For compressors, it is the amount to scale the loud sections. For expanders, it is the amount to scale the quiet sections. Normally a value less than 0dB should be used to reduce the volume.
Threshold (dB) | Sets the audio level to activate the expander or compressor. Compressors scale the volume level of all sounds above that level. Expanders scale the volume level of all sounds below that level.
Attack (s) Release (s) | Set the amount of time required to fully activate the effect. An `Attack` value of 0.100 means that the audio level will have to cross the threshold for at least one tenth of a second before the multiplier is used at full strength. A `Release` value of 0.100 means the multiplier will continue to be used for one tenth of a second after the audio level no longer crosses the threshold.
Expander Compressor | Sets the type of processing required. Use `Expander` to change volumes of quiet sounds. Use `Compressor` to change volumes of loud sounds.
Anticipate attack | Scans ahead for audio that crosses the threshold and activates the effect. If the `Attack` time is set to 0.100, then the effect scans ahead by 0.100 seconds. This means that the multiplier will be at full force the instant the threshold is crossed rather than building to full 0.100 seconds later.
Use smoother | Smoothes out any sudden volume changes which may occur during processing with small attack/release times.
Process channels independently | Controls how each channel is processed. When checked, each channel is processed separately and different gains may be applied to each channel. When unchecked, one gain is applied to all channels, usually the lowest to avoid clipping.

Compressor Example
You have recorded some music that has a few loud moments, but you want to raise the overall volume without distorting the loud parts. Select the "Reduce loud parts" preset. After compression, use the Maximize Volume effect to stretch the volume to the full dynamic range. Alternatively you could use the "Boost quiet parts" preset.

Expander Example
You have recorded someone talking and notice background noise during the quiet parts. To reduce the noise, select the "Noise gate" preset or the "Reduce quite parts" preset.

See Also: `Auto Gain`, `Dynamics`, Presets

### Filter Menu

`Filter` item in the Effect menu.

Filters are used to remove a range of frequencies or amplitudes from a sound and can produce a variety of effects. The submenu contains several filter related effects.

#### Auto Offset Removal

- `Auto Offset Removal` in the Effect | Filter menu.
- `Auto Offset Removal` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

Use `Auto Offset Removal` automatically remove a vertical shift or dc offset in the waveform. Offsets occur when audio is wired through several external devices that do not share a common ground. Computers with integrated sound hardware often have significant offsets as well. If the waveform is constantly above or below zero during silence, then it has an offset that must be removed. Offsets can cause pops and clicks between edit points and other problems.

Unlike `Offset`, this effect does not need to scan the entire selection and offsets cannot be set to specific values. Values to cancel out existing offsets are automatically calculated and used. Even varying offsets are removed.

Auto Offset Removal Setting
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Duration for offset calculation (s) | Sets the length of time to analyze the audio for an offset. For constant, stable offsets, set this value to the maximum. For fluctuating offsets, use lower values.

See Also: `Offset`, `Dynamics`, Presets

#### Bandpass/stop

- `Bandpass/stop` in the Effect | Filter menu.
- `Bandpass/stop` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

Bandpass filters block all frequencies outside a specified range, keeping only frequencies within the range. Bandstop filters block all frequencies within a specified range, keeping all other frequencies outside the range.

Bandpass/Stop Settings
Group | Setting | Description
--- | --- | ---
Initial frequency range | From (Hz), To (Hz) | Sets the initial frequency range of the pass or stop band.
Final frequency range | From (Hz), To (Hz) | Sets the final frequency range of the pass or stop band. The band range fades from the initial setting to the final setting over the length of the selection. `Dynamics` must be checked to set these values.
Settings | Bandpass, Bandstop | Sets the type of filter to use. Select `Bandpass` to keep only the frequencies within the range. Select`Bandstop` to block all the frequencies in the range.
Static, Dynamic, Steepness | See `Low/Highpass` filter for details.

To remove hum and hiss from a voice recording:

1. Set `From` to 200.
2. Set `To` to 3800.
3. Choose the `Bandpass` option.
4. Choose the `Static` option.
5. Set `Steepness` to 10 or higher.
6. Choose `OK`.

See Also: `Low/Highpass`, `Equalizer`, `Noise Reduction`, `Spectrum Filter`, Presets

#### Equalizer

- `Equalizer` in the Effect | Filter menu.
- `Equalizer` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

Equalizers are commonly found on stereo systems. They boost or reduces certain ranges of frequencies. Simple equalizers control only treble and bass. GoldWave's equalizer controls 7 bands.

Center frequencies for each of the 7-bands are given at the top of each fader. Adjust the faders to boost or reduce a band between +12dB to -24dB.

To change bass, adjust the two or three left-most bands. To change treble, adjust the two or three right-most bands. Several presets are included to demonstrate bass, mid, and treble changes.

More detailed equalization is possible using the `Spectrum Filter` or `Parametric EQ`.

See Also: `Low/Highpass`, `Equalizer`, `Noise Reduction`, `Spectrum Filter`, Presets

#### Low/Highpass

- `Low/Highpass` in the Effect | Filter menu.
- `Low/Highpass` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

Lowpass filters block high pitched, frequencies (treble) but allow low pitched frequencies (bass) to pass. They can be used to reduce high end hiss noise or remove unwanted sounds above the given cutoff frequency. If you were to apply a lowpass filter with a cutoff frequency of 1000Hz on speech, it would make it sound muffled and deep. Lowpass filters can also be used to eliminate aliasing noise when used before downsampling.

Highpass filters block low pitch frequencies, but allow high pitched frequencies to pass. They can remove deep rumbling hum or remove unwanted sounds below the given cutoff frequency. If you were to apply a highpass filter with a cutoff frequency of 1000Hz on speech, it would make it sound thin and hollow.

Low/Highpass Settings
Group | Setting | Description
--- | --- | ---
Cutoff frequency | Initial cutoff (Hz) | Sets the constant cutoff frequency for static filtering or the initial frequency for dynamic filtering.
Final cutoff (Hz) | Sets the cutoff frequency at the end of the selection, allowing you to fade from one cutoff to another over the selection. `Dynamics` must be checked to set this value.
Settings | Lowpass, Highpass | Sets the type of filter to use. Select `Lowpass` to keep only the frequencies below the cutoff frequency. Select `Highpass` to keep only the frequencies above the cutoff frequency.
Static, Dynamic | Sets whether the filter is constant or changing. Select `Static` to keep the cutoff frequency constant throughout the selection during processing. Select `Dynamic` to fade the cutoff frequency from the initial value to the final value over the duration of the selection.
Steepness | Sets how sharply the filter cuts off frequencies outside the cutoff frequency. A higher steepness makes the filter sharper, but it also increases processing time. In technical terms, the steepness specifies the number of second order cascade filters used.

To make speech gradually become more hollow and thin:

1. Set `Initial cutoff` to 60.
2. Choose `Dynamic`.
3. Set `Final cutoff` to 1000.
4. Choose `Highpass`.
5. Choose `OK`.

Remove all high end hiss noise from a voice recording.

1. Set `Initial cutoff` to 4000.
2. Choose `Lowpass`.
3. Choose `Static`.
4. Set `Steepness` to 20.
5. Choose `OK`.

See Also: `Bandpass/Stop`, `Equalizer`, `Noise Reduction`, `Spectrum Filter`, Presets

#### Noise Gate

- `Noise Gate` in the Effect | Filter menu.
- `Noise Gate` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

Use `Noise Gate` to reduce or eliminate noise in quiet or silent parts of a recording. Brief noises, such as mouse clicks or microphone bumps can be muted as well. A noise gate cannot remove noise from louder parts of the recording. Use `Noise Reduction` for that instead. To completely delete silences from a recording, use `Silence Reduction`.

Use `Maximize Volume` before using this effect to ensure volume is optimal for the presets.

Noise Gate Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Threshold (dB) | Sets the level of audio that is considered noise. Audio below the threshold is reduced. The threshold should be set as low as possible so that only noise is removed. If the threshold is set too high, short and quiet sections of audio may be muted too.
Attack (s) | Sets the amount of time required to fade out to complete silence when the audio is below the threshold.
Release (s) | Sets the amount of time required to fade in to full volume when the audio rises above the threshold again.
Reduction (%) | Sets the level of reduction in the quiet parts. Normally this value would be set to 100 to replace the quiet parts with complete silence. A value of 25 reduces the noise only slightly (-3dB).
Ignore (s) | Sets the duration of brief sounds to ignore, even if they are above the threshold. Any sound less than this duration is muted. Use this to remove clicks, pops, and other very short sounds. Set this to zero to ensure that all sounds above the threshold are retained.

See Also: `Noise Reduction`, `Silence Reduction`, Presets

#### Noise Reduction

- `Noise Reduction` in the Effect | Filter menu.
- `Noise Reduction` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

`Noise Reduction` uses frequency analysis techniques to remove unwanted noise, such as a background hiss, a power hum, or any continuous, consistent sound. It cannot be used to separate or remove complex or brief sounds, such as coughs, laughter and applause. It cannot remove instruments or vocals from music.

If the noise to be removed contains pops and clicks, use `Pop/Click` to eliminate those before using `Noise Reduction`. Any pops or clicks in the noise profile/envelope may cause a significant reduction in quality.

A frequency analysis window with Shape controls displays frequency in Hertz on the x axis and frequency magnitudein decibels on the y axis.

Figure: Noise Reduction

The frequency analysis provides graphical information about all frequencies within the sound at the given `Time`. For multichannel sounds, each channel is shown it's own colour. Moving the scroll bar located below the analysis window changes the time, showing the frequency analysis of a different part of the sound. The detail of the analysis depends on the `FFT size` setting, explained below.

Noise is removed using a reduction envelope. The shape of the envelope must closely match the shape of the noise to remove. The frequency analysis graph can help determine that shape. Change the analysis time so that it coincides with a time in the sound where only the noise is heard (use the Preview button to play the file to find such a place and time). Once you have isolated the noise in the analysis graph, you can then create the envelope.

The envelope can be created in four different ways, depending on the eeduction envelope setting. `Use clipboard` (see below) generally gives the best results, but requires copying the noise to the clipboard before using `Noise Reduction`. Also try the presets.

Noise Reduction Settings
Group | Setting | Description
--- | --- | ---
Reduction envelope | Use shape | Creates an envelope based on the shape defined by the Shape Controls. Click the mouse in the analysis graph to draw the shape. A simple horizontal line at about 80dB removes a quiet hiss from a sound. In some cases, you'll need to trace the outline of the analysis graph or draw completely different shapes to reduce the noise.
Use current spectrum | Creates an envelope based on the shape of the graph shown in the frequency analysis window. Use this to remove a complex buzz or hum. The analysis `Time` must be set to a place where the noise is heard by itself.
Use average | Creates an averaging envelope throughout noise reduction processing. The envelope is continuously updated, based on the average frequency analysis of the sound. Use this setting if the noise changes frequently throughout the sound.
Use clipboard | Creates an envelope based on an analysis of the waveform in the clipboard. This is the most flexible option and usually gives the best results. Before you can use this option, you must `Copy` a piece of noise into the clipboard. The piece must contain only the noise to be removed from the rest of the file. The noise can even be copied from a different file. After copying the noise, remember to change the selection to the part of the file you want to apply the noise reduction.
Shape controls | Point, X, Y, Time | See Shape Controls.
Settings | FFT size | Sets the detail of the frequency analysis and the noise reduction envelope. Usually values of 11 or higher give the best results. See FFT Settings in Effects Overview for more information. |
Overlap | Sets the amount of audio to overlap from one calculation to the next. A value of 4x works well. See FFT Settings in Effects Overview for more information. |
Scale (%) | Sets reduction envelope scale. A value of 100 uses the envelope as it is. A value of 200 doubles the envelope amplitude, which doubles the amount audio removed from the sound. A value of 50 halves the envelope amplitude, which halves the amount removed. Normally it should be set to 100. |
Output noise only | Makes the effect perform the exact opposite of noise reduction so that only the noise remains in the output. This is useful when previewing the effect to hear what is actually being removed from the audio. Do not check this box when removing noise. |

See Also: `Equalizer`, `Spectrum Filter`, Presets

#### Parametric EQ

- `Parametric EQ` in the Effect | Filter menu.
- `Parametric EQ` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

A parametric equalizer (shown below) is a flexible tool for reducing or enhancing ranges of frequencies. GoldWave presents an easy to use interface where all the parameters for up to 40 bands can be configured quickly. Presets contain some commonly used templates.

Figure: Parametric Equalizer

Graph window
The graph shows frequency on the x-axis in Hertz and the gain on the y-axis in decibels. Each enabled band is displayed in the graph as a diamond shaped box located at its center frequency and gain. The width of the box shows the bandwidth. The currently selected band is shown in blue and its exact settings are given in edit box controls.

A short time frequency analysis graph is drawn with the left channel in green and the right channel in red. The time of the analysis can be changed using the scroll bar located at the bottom of the graph. The analysis helps determine what frequencies to boost or reduce. A high pitched squeal, for example, would appear as a spike near the right side of the graph. Whereas a low pitched hum would be a spike or bump near the left side.

Controls
A band is configured by selecting its number from the `Band` box and adjusting the `Gain`, `Width`, and `Center` faders. A quicker method is to drag-and-drop the band to a new location on the graph. Note that because of the logarithmic frequency scale, the width of a diamond changes as you move it left or right. The bandwidth, however, remains constant.

Use the diamond plus button to add more bands. Use the diamond minus button remove existing bands. The current (blue) band given in the `Band` box is the one removed.

The "Notch" preset is effective for removing a simple tone from a sound, such as a 60Hz hum or telephone dial tones. The "Bass boost" and "Treble boost" presets work the same way as the bass and treble controls on a stereo system. Adjust the gain up or down to control them.

See Also: `Equalizer`, `Noise Reduction`, `Spectrum Filter`, Presets

#### Pop/Click

- `Pop/Click` in the Effect | Filter menu.
- `Pop/Click` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

A pop/click filter is a specially designed filter that searches for abrupt changes in the sound and eliminates them. Such a filter is often used to remove pops and clicks caused by dust and scratches when recording old vinyl records.

When a click is detected, the filter attempts to reconstruct the damaged waveform based on the surrounding waveform shape making the repair almost imperceptible. However with excessive pops and clicks or at low tolerance levels, reconstructed waveforms may overlap and sound distorted. The tolerance setting should be kept as high as possible. Using a very low setting may introduce more distortion than existed in the original. This is most noticeable in voice recordings and instrument solos, particularly trumpet solos. Always start with the maximum tolerance setting for those types of sounds.

Pop/Click Setting
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Tolerance (%) | Sets how abrupt a change in amplitude can be before it is considered a click. It is best to start with a value of 1000% or higher. Using a lower value will detect more clicks, but may eliminate natural clicks such as drum sticks tapping together or a conductor tapping the baton. Values less than 500% should be used on short selections only.

The filter requires a minimum selection of 4000 samples (about one tenth of a second at CD quality) to establish a baseline. Using the filter on a shorter selection has no effect.

See Also: `Noise Reduction`, `Find`, Presets

#### Silence Reduction

- `Silence Reduction` in the Effect | Filter menu.
- `Silence Reduction` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

Use `Silence Reduction` to automatically remove silences from a sound. Use it to save storage space or to remove long pauses in speeches or police/airport radio recordings. `Noise Reduction` and `Maximize Volume` are recommended before using this effect to ensure a consistent silence level.

Silence Reduction Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Silence threshold (dB) | Sets the volume level for the silence. Any audio below this level is considered silence and is subject to removal, provided it has a long enough duration. The `Duration` specifies how long the silence must be before it is reduced. Any silences short than this remain unchanged.
Duration (s) | Specifies how long the silence must be before it is reduced. Any silences shorter than this remain unchanged.
Reduce to (%) | Sets the length of the reduced silence relative to its original length. A value of 75, for example, reduces a 10 second silence to 7.5 seconds.
Maximum length (s) | Sets the maximum length for reduced silences. This setting overrides the `Reduce to` setting if the reduced length still exceeds the maximum. If this is set to 5 seconds in the above example, then the 10 second silence is reduced to 5 seconds.
Full crossfade | If is checked, the ends of the audio where silences were removed are gradually crossfaded over the entire length the remaining silence. If unchecked, a short crossfade of one-tenth of a second is used to join together non-silent sections where silences were removed. If there is a high level of background noise that varies, then full crossfade is recommended. However, if you hear unexpected overlapping fragments after removing silences, then this option should not be used.

See Also: `Find`, `Trim Silence`, `Noise Gate`, Presets

#### Smoother

- `Smoother` in the Effect | Filter menu.
- `Smoother` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

Use `Smoother` to reduce hiss and crackle.

Smoother Setting
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Length | Sets the length of the smoother filter, which is the number of samples to be averaged. The larger the value, the more averaging is applied to the audio and the duller it will sound.
Volume | Increases the volume of the processed audio to offset the the loss caused by averaging. Larger `Length` values require a higher volume.

See Also: `Pop/Click`, `Noise Reduction`, Presets

#### Spectrum Filter

- `Spectrum Filter` in the Effect | Filter menu.
- `Spectrum Filter` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

A spectrum filter is a general purpose audio filter similar to `Parametric EQ`, but with much greater control. Instead of using individual bands, the entire frequency spectrum is controlled using Shape Controls to adjust the gain. This allows many kinds of filters to be designed, such as lowpass, highpass, bandpass, bandstop, notch, peak, comb, and more. Filtering is performed in the frequency domain using Fast Fourier Transforms (FFTs).

A spectral analysis window displays a shape line and several other controls. The `X` and `Y` coordinates are updated when you click-and-drag a shape point. The `X` coordinate is the frequency in Hertz and the `Y` coordinate is the magnitude in decibels. The time of the spectral analysis shown is given in the `Time` box. Moving the time scroll bar, located below the analysis window, changes the graph to show the spectral analysis of a different part of the sound. Each channels is shown in a different colour.

`Master gain` sets the overall gain of the filter, which is equivalent to shifting the entire shape up or down.

Initially the shape line is horizontal at 0dB, which means that no changes in gain are made at any frequency. Alter the shape line up or down to increase or decrease the gain at a particular frequency. In technical terms, the shape line represents the frequency response function.

Spectrum Filter Settings
Group | Setting | Description
--- | --- | ---
Graph range | Min (dB) | Sets the lower range of the y axis of the graph.
Max (dB) | Sets the upper range of the y axis of the graph. Setting `Min` to -5 and `Max` to 5, for example, sets the graph to show a narrower range between -5dB to 5dB, allowing shape points to be set more precisely with the mouse within that range.
Settings | FFT size | Sets the detail of the spectral analysis and the resolution of the filter. Higher settings provide a higher resolution, allowing the filter to follow the shape more accurately, with sharper cutoffs. When processing high sampling rate files, such as 88kHz or 192kHz, the `FFT size` must be set higher for the filter to follow the shape. Using too high a value may cause overshoot and oscillations in the gain (Gibbs phenomenon)
Overlap | Sets the amount of audio data to overlap from one calculation to the next. The lowest value gives the fastest processing and generally works well.

See Also: `Equalizer`, `Noise Reduction`, `Parametric EQ`, Presets

### Flanger

- `Flanger` in the Effect menu.
- `Flanger` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

A flanger effect is similar to an echo effect in that the original sound is mixed with a delayed copy of itself. Unlike an echo, where the delay is constant, a flanger varies the delay over a given range. The speed, or frequency, at which the delay varies is controlled as well. The Flanger effect presents a window where you can set the depth, frequency, and fixed delay parameters and control how the sound is mixed. Many presets are included to demonstrate the kinds of unusual audio effects that are possible.

Spectrum Filter Settings
Group | Setting | Description
--- | --- | ---
Volumes | Source (%) | Sets the volume of the original sound to mix with the final sound. A value of 0 means the original sound will not be mixed at all with the final sound. If this value is set to 100 and all other volumes are 0, no change is made to the sound. A value of -100 inverts the source, which is equivalent to subtracting the original instead of adding it to the final sound.
Flanger (%) | Sets the volume of the delayed sound to mix with the final sound. Usually, this value should be in the range of 25 to 100, or -25 to -100 for an inverted mix.
Feedback (%) | Set the level of feedback (previously generated output) to mix with the final sound. This makes the effect more full and pronounced. Set this value to 0 if you do not want any feedback. In general the feedback should be set to between -75 to 75.
Stereo | Makes the flanger and feedback audio alternate between the left and right channels, giving a more pronounced stereo effect.
Frequency modulator / vibrato | Variable delay | Sets the maximum variable delay in milliseconds. A value of 40 causes the delay to vary from 0 to 40 milliseconds.
Frequency | Sets the speed at which the delay varies. A value of 2 will vary the delay over from 0 to its maximum twice a second. For a value of 0.2, the maximum delay is reached every five seconds.
Fixed delay | Sets a constant delay that is added to the `Variable delay` to change the minimum delay. If the variable delay is 40 and the fixed delay is 10, the delay will vary from 10 to 50 milliseconds.
Sine modulator, Triangular modulator | Sets the function for varying the delay. Select `Sine` to vary the delay on a sinusoidal pattern. Select `Tiangular` to vary the delay on a simple linear pattern.
Volume modulator / tremolo | Depth (%) | Set the relative amount to vary the flanger volume. If `Flanger` volume is 80%, for example, a depth of 100% varies the volume from 0% to 80%. A `Depth` of 25% varies it from to 60% to 80%.
Frequency | Sets the speed at which the volume varies. A value of 2 will vary the volume over its depth twice a second. For a value of 0.2, the full depth is reached every 5 seconds.
Sine modulator, Triangular modulator | Sets the function for varying the volume. Select `Sine` to vary the volume on a sinusoidal pattern. Select `Tiangular` to varys the volume on a simple linear pattern.

See Also: `Echo`, `Reverb` Presets

#### Frequency Blend

- `Frequency Blend` in the Effect menu.
- `Frequency Blend` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

`Frequency Blend` combines past frequencies and pitch shifted frequecies to generate unique audio effects, such as a sustained reverb effect or a pitch echo effect where the pitch continously increases or decreases over time.

Frequency Blend Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Pitch shift (%) | Sets the amount of pitch shifting. A value of 50% shifts the pitch down one octave. A value of 200% shifts the pitch up one octave. This shift is applied to the feedback loop, causing a continuous shift over time, provided the feedback volume is not too low.
Feedback | Sets the volume of the pitch shift feedback. A volume near 0dB generates a continuous pitch shift over time. Using the lowest setting generates a single, fixed pitch shift.
Sustain | Sets the rate at which frequencies are blended over time. A value of 0 disables blended frequencies. Higher values slow down the rate of change of frequencies, which may enhance harmonics or extend stronger frequencies over time.
From To | Sets the range of frequencies affected. Use this to limit the sustain or pitch shift to a narrower range of frequencies.
Wet volume | Sets the volume of the processed audio mixed with the final output.
Dry volume | Sets the volume of the original audio mixed with the final output.

See Also: `Doppler`, `Pitch`, `Reverb`, Presets

### Interpolate

- `Interpolate` in the Effect menu.
- `Interpolate` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

`Interpolate` (see figure below) uses linear interpolation to smooth out the waveform within the selection. Use `Interpolate` only on a tiny selection to remove a pop or click. Do not use on a large selection.

Figure: Interpolate

### Invert

- `Invert` in the Effect menu.
- `Invert` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

`Invert` reflects the selection about the time (horizontal) axis. The selection is essentially turned upside-down. This produces no noticeable effect in mono sounds and has a slight effect in stereo sounds. Inverting a single channel of a stereo sound produces an "in" or "out" effect.

Inverting can be used before mixing so that the two sounds are subtracted instead of added.

See Also: `Channel Mixer`, `Dynamics`, Channel Menu

### Mechanize

- `Mechanize` in the Effect menu.
- `Mechanize` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

`Mechanize` gives a robotic or mechanical characteristic to a sound through a method known as amplitude modulation. This effect was widely used in old science fiction movies. The rate of modulation is controlled with the `Frequency` value. The sound is modulated with one of several waveforms given in the table.

Mechanize Modulator Options
Waveform | Purpose
--- | ---
Sine | The sound is modulated with a sinusoid, which tends to shift the pitch and cause distortion. Using a very small frequency value (less than 2.0) causes the sound to fade in and out.
Triangle | The sound is modulated with a triangular wave. This is similar to the Sine modulator but causes more distortion at higher frequencies.
Square | The sound is modulated with a raised square wave, with amplitudes ranging from 0.0 to 1.0. This causes very heavy distortion at high frequencies and intermittent (on/off) audio at low frequencies.
Clipboard | The sound is modulated with audio stored in the clipboard. Audio must be copied to the clipboard before using this option. No attempt is made to convert the clipboard audio to a compatible sampling rate.

See Also: `Flanger`, Presets

### Multichannel Mixer

- `Multichannel Mixer` in the Effect menu.
- `Multichannel Mixer` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

`Multichannel Mixer` swaps, mixes, or combines channels. Each channel has a group of controls where the volume level of every channel can be set. Presets include multichannel mixdown, channel swapping, front to back swapping, and more.

After mixing, use `Maximize Volume` to ensure the audio has no clipping, but has full dynamic range.

Channel Mixer Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Channel group | Contains a set of volume (%) controls for setting the mix levels of every channel.

See Also: `Channel Mixer`, `Pan`, Balance fader, Presets

### Offset

- `Offset` in the Effect menu.
- `Offset` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

`Offset` adjusts or removes a dc offset in the selection by shifting it up or down so that the wave is centered on the horizontal axis. If you notice that silent sections of a sound are not at zero in the waveform, use this effect to adjust them to zero.

Figure: Offset

Positive values shift the graph up and a negative values shift it down. Use the `Scan Offset` button to automatically calculate the offset to use to remove any existing offset. After scanning completes, the value for each channel is set such that it will cancel out the offset in that channel. If the value is zero, then no offset was detected.

Any offset should be removed to minimize pops/clicks during editing. Offsets may interfere with other effects as well.

You should check the offset from time to time after processing effects. Otherwise, the offset may increase with each effect, resulting in some distortion.

See Also: `Dynamics`, Filter dc offset during recording, Presets

### Pitch

- `Pitch` in the Effect menu.
- `Pitch` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

Pitch changes the pitch (frequency) of the selection. This is useful for converting instrument samples from one note to another. The new pitch is specified using a scale factor or using semitone and fine tune values.

Spectrum Filter Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Scale (%) | Sets the relative pitch by a percentage value. A value of 50% is equivalent to a downward shift by one octave. A value of 200 is equivalent to an upward shift of one octave and would make a voice sound like a chipmunk. A value of 75 would make a woman's voice sound like a man's.
Semitone, Fine tune | Sets the relative pitch in semitones (notes on a piano). Given a tone at middle C, a the semitone value of 2 changes the tone of D. A value of -1 changes the tone to B. A value of 12 makes the note one octave above middle C. `Fine tune` sets a slight pitch adjustment in hundredths of a semitone. For example, a value of 50 changes a note from C to halfway between C and C#.
Preserve tempo | If selected, a different, more complex algorithm is used to keep the length and tempo the same. In terms of a voice recording, this changes the pitch of the voice without changing the speed at which the words are spoken. This option requires a substantial amount of processing time and will affect the quality of the sound. For information on the `FFT size` and `Overlap`, see FFT Settings.

Higher quality pitch changes may be possible using `Time`. Try the "Similarity pitch up" or "Similarity pitch down" presets in the `Effect Chain Editor` tool.

See Also: `Doppler`, `Frequency Blend`, `Playback Rate`, `Time`, Presets

### Plug-in Menu

The Plug-in submenu lists all installed and enabled plug-ins. DirectX and VST plug-ins are listed under `DirectX` and `GWVST32` submenus if installed.

GoldWave checks for new plug-ins only during startup, so if a new plug-in is installed, you must restart GoldWave for it to be detected.

See Also: Effect Plug-ins, Options | Plug-in | Effect

### Reverse

- `Reverse` in the Effect menu.
- `Reverse` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

This command reverses the selection so that it plays backward. Now you have an easy way to capture all those "satanic verses" or reverse speech messages. The Rewind button on the Control window plays backwards as well, without processing the file.

### Reverb

- `Reverb` in the Effect menu.
- `Reverb` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

`Reverb` adds fullness and richness to the sound by simulating the acoustic reverberation and echoes within a chamber or room.

Reverb Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Reverb time | Sets the size of the reverb. A longer time simulates a larger chamber or room.
Volume (dB) | Sets the loudness of the reverb. Values less than -18dB give good results.
Delay scale | Sets the delay of the reverb for fine tuning. Use 1.0 for a standard reverb.

See Also: `Echo`, `Flanger`, Presets

### Stereo Menu

`Stereo` in the Effect menu.

The Stereo submenu contains effects for stereo or multichannel files, such as swapping channels and left/right panning.

#### Channel Mixer

- `Channel Mixer` in the Effect | Stereo menu.
- `Channel Mixer` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

`Channel Mixer` swaps, mixes, inverts, or combines the left and right channels in a variety of ways. The left and right channels are replaced with a mixed combination of both channels, depending on the volume levels. All selected left and right channels of a multichannel file are processed in pairs. The Center and LFE channels are not affected.

Channel Mixer Settings
Group | Setting | Description
--- | --- | ---
Left channel | Left volume (%) | Sets the percentage of volume of the original left channel to mix in the final left channel.
Right volume (%) | Sets the percentage of volume of the original right channel to mix in the final left channel.
Right channel | Left volume (%) | Sets the percentage of volume of the original left channel to mix in the final right channel.
Right volume (%) | Sets the percentage of volume of the original right channel to mix in the final right channel.

To swap the left and right channels:

1. In the `Left channel` box, set the `Left volume` fader to 0 and the `Right volume` fader to 100.
2. In the `Right channel` box, set the `Left volume` fader to 100 and the `Right volume` fader to 0.
3. Choose `OK`.

See Also: `Reduce Vocals`, `Pan`, Balance fader, Presets

#### MaxMatch

- `MaxMatch` in the Effect | Stereo menu.
- `MaxMatch` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

`MaxMatch` automatically balances the left and right channels and maximizes the volume levels. Essentially, this effect uses the `Match Volume` effect internally on the left and right channels, then uses the `Maximize Volume` effect. After processing, the left and right channels will have the same average volume level and at least one channel will have full dynamic range (1.0 or 0dB).

Note that it is rarely possible for all channels to have the same average and full dynamic range at the same time. Most channels will have a dynamic range of slightly less than 1.0 or 0dB.

#### Pan

- `Pan` in the Effect | Stereo menu.
- `Pan` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

`Pan` uses Shape Controls to dynamically adjust the stereo balance of the sound. The shape graph is divided into green and red regions, representing the left and right channels respectively. All selected left and right channels are processed in pairs. The shape line, initially located between the regions, is the center for panning. Bend and/or move the line to dynamically alter the balance. The figures below show a couple of examples of panning shapes.

Figure: Pan from left to right | Figure: Pan from left center to right center

There are two end points on the pan shape line by default. Use the `Point` box to select the point to edit. The `X` and `Y` values control the location of the selected point. `X` is the time and `Y` is the amount of panning. A positive `Y` value pans to the left. A negative value pans to the right. For end points, only `Y` can be changed. `X` is fixed at the beginning and ending of the selection.

To pan from right to left over the selection:

1. Select point 1 and set `Y` to -1.0 to make panning start at full right.
2. Select point 2 and set `Y` to 1.0 to make panning end at full left.
3. Choose `OK`.

Use the `Add Point` button to insert a new point between the two end points. Note that the point numbers change, with point 3 as the end point and point 2 as the new one. Both the `X` and `Y` values can be changed for that point. To make panning go slightly left at 10 seconds into the file, for example, set `X` to 10.0 and `Y` to a positive value, such as 0.25. When adding points, be sure to select the point after which you want to insert the new point. The `X` value for each point is confined to adjacent points.

`Show balance` calculates and displays the current peak balance in yellow on the graph. For a typically stereo song, a spiked line roughly centered around zero would appear. For a 2 channel mono file, it would be a perfectly flat line at zero. For an unbalanced file, the line would be above or below zero.

`Change volume only` limits the pan effect to volume changes only. Normally panning mixes the left and right channels to alter the balance. This setting prevents any mixing and only changes the relative volumes of the channels.

See Also: `Shape Volume`, Balance fader, Presets

#### Reduce Vocals

- `Reduce Vocals` in the Effect | Stereo menu.
- `Reduce Vocals` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

`Reduce Vocals` reduces vocals in stereo recording by subtracting the left and right channels and by using a bandstop filter. A true stereo file is required with mono vocals in the left and right channels. Any variation of the vocals in the left and right channels prevents perfectly removal. Any instruments that are identical in the left and right channels are removed as well.

To extact the vocals and remove the music, use `Stereo Center` instead.

Reduce Vocals Settings
Group | Setting | Description
--- | --- | ---
Channel cancellation volume | Volume (dB) | Sets the volume of the subtracted channels in the final output.
Bandstop filter volume and range | Volume (dB) | Sets the volume of the bandstop filter in the final output. This is mixed with the subtracted channels to restore some of the stereo music.
From (Hz), To (Hz) | Sets the range of the bandstop filter. A narrow range retains more of the music, but removes less of the vocals. A wider range retains less of the music, but removes more of the vocals.

Usually subtracting the left and right channels destroys the stereo sound, giving mono output. By using the bandstop filter, the effect is able to retain some of the low and high end stereo, enhancing the output.

Try the presets to learn what the different settings do.

See Also: `Channel Mixer`, `Stereo Center`, Presets

#### Stereo Center

- `Stereo Center` in the Effect | Stereo menu.
- `Stereo Center` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

`Stereo Center` uses a frequency based method to separate vocals from music or to separate the perceived stereo center subchannel from the side subchannels and allows independent volume control of all subchannels.

Stereo Center Settings
Group | Setting | Description
--- | --- | ---
Center channel | Volume (dB) | Sets the volume of the perceived center subchannel, which usually is the vocals. To keep the vocals and remove the side subchannels, set this volume to 0.0dB and the side subchannel volumes below to -100dB (off).
From (Hz), To (Hz) | Sets the range of the filter used to extract the center subchannel. Any frequencies outside the range are excluded from the center subchannel. To retain bass and treble when adjusting the volume of the vocals, use a range from about 200Hz to 12500Hz.
Side channels | Left (dB) | Sets the volume of the left side subchannel.
Right (dB) | Sets the volume of the right side subchannel.
FFT Settings | FFT Size, Overlap | See FFT Settings.

To keep the center (vocals) and remove the side subchannels:

1. Set `Volume` to 0.0dB.
2. Set `From` to its minimum and `To` to its maximum.
3. Set `Left` and `Right` to -100dB (off).
4. Choose `OK`.

To remove the center (vocals) and keep the side subchannels:

1. Set `Left` and `Right` to 0.0dB.
2. Set `Volume` to -100dB (off).
3. Choose `OK`.

Credit: Part of this effect uses a method by the developer of virtualdub.

See Also: `Channel Mixer`, `Reduce Vocals`, Presets

### Time

- `Time` in the Effect menu.
- `Time` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

`Time` changes the playback speed or alters the tempo of the selection. This effect has many uses: it stretches or compresses a sound to fit in a certain time, it slows down instrumental music for easy transcription, or it changes the tempo of one musical passage to match rhythm and beats of another.

Time Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Change (%) | Sets the relative change in time. A value of 50% slows down time, stretching the sound. A value of 200% speeds up time, shortening the sound.
Length (s) | Sets a new length for the selection. Use this to make a sound fit a certain time, such as squeezing a 35 second radio commercial into a 30 second spot. The new length must be from one quarter up to four times the original duration of the selection. Settings beyond that range cannot be processed.
Algorithm | Three different time altering algorithms are provided, each with certain advantages and disadvantages: `Speed` simply changes the sampling rate of the entire selection so that it plays back at a different speed, similar to spinning a vinyl record faster or slower. It works the same way as the speed fader in the Control window, but in this case, the sound itself is changed. This technique is very fast and produces excellent quality, however, the pitch of the sound is changed as well. In other words, if you were to speed up a voice, the pitch becomes higher, making the voice sound like a chipmunk. `Similarity` uses correlation to add and overlap small, similar sections of the sound. This technique preserves the pitch. It generally produces high quality voice and fair quality music when using small speed or time changes. A fair amount of time may be require for processing, depending on the Search range value. For voice, the `Window size` should be set between 30 and 40 and the `Search range` set to between 10 and 20. For music, a larger `Window size` and `Search range` gives better results, such as 60 and 30. Larger `Search range` values increase processing time and echo. Low values increase gurgling noise. `Overlap` adjusts the amount of overlap between sections. Correlation is used to find the best matching sections to overlap, then the sections are crossfaded to reduce rough transitions from one section to the next. A value around 40% is recommended. Larger values may increase echo and significantly increase processing time. Values below 20% may cause distortion and gurgling due to shorter correlation and crossfade lengths. `FFT` uses Fast Fourier Transforms and interpolates or decimates the frequency analysis to change the length. This technique preserves the pitch, but can cause some echo artifacts in the sound. Best quality is obtained by using the Oscillator synthesis option, but that requires significant processing time. The `FFT size` should be set from 11 to 12 and the `Overlap` may be set to 4x for fastest processing, but 8x or 16x may give better quality. The `FFT size` and `Overlap` settings are explained in the Effects Overview section.

If you changed the speed fader in the Control window, remember to set it back to 1.00 so that the device plays at the correct speed.

See Also: `Doppler`, `Pitch`, `Playback Rate`, Speed fader, Presets

### Voice Over

- `Voice Over` in the Effect menu.
- `Voice Over` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

`Voice Over` mixes foreground audio contained in the clipboard (use `Copy` first) with background audio contained in the file. `Voice Over` automatically fades the background audio in and out based on silent and non-silent regions within the foreground audio.

Use this effect to:

- Mix a voice recording or narration over background music so that the music automatically becomes quieter when the voice is speaking.
- Mix a translation over foreign dialogue so that the foreign dialogue can still be heard in the background.
- Automatically fade between two audio sources.

Follow these general steps:

1. Open the foreground file or voice file.
2. Make adjustments for best results.
3. Use the `Copy` on the Edit menu.
4. Open the background or music file.
5. Set the start marker where you want the voice over to begin.
6. Use `Voice Over` on the Effect menu.
7. Adjust settings or select a preset.
8. Choose `OK`.

Voice Over Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Fade out time (s) | Sets the amount of time it takes for the background audio to fade out before the foreground audio is mixed in.
Fade in time (s) | Sets the amount of time it takes for the background audio to fade in when the foreground audio ends or contains a long enough span of silence.
Fade volume (dB) | Sets the target volume of the background when it is faded out. Set it to the lowest value (Off) if no background audio is required when foreground audio is present. Usually values under -20dB are recommended when background audio is needed.
Voice volume (dB) | Sets the volume of the foreground audio. Values around -2dB to 0dB are recommended.
Silence level (dB) | Sets the level at which the foreground audio should be treated as silence. Recordings often contain some amount of background noise. To ensure proper detection of silence and accurate automatic fading, use values of -34dB or higher. Using the lowest (Off) value is not recommended. See the notes below to ensure consistent silence level detection.
Silence allowed (s) | Sets the duration of silence allowed in the foreground audio before the background audio is faded in. Usually narrations contain brief pauses where fading in is unnecessary and undesired. Adjust this setting to avoid fading in and out too frequently. Note that this value is added to the fade in and out times to determine the total amount of silence required before the background audio starts to fade in. If `Fade out time` is 1.0, `Fade in time` is 1.0, and `Silence allowed` is 3.0, then the foreground audio would have to be silent for a total of 5.0 seconds before the background audio is faded in.

The `Voice Over` window shows a graph of the current fade and mix settings. The clipboard (foreground or voice) audio is shown in red, the original file (background or music) audio is shown in blue, and a time line is shown under the graph. By default, background audio is faded out, which is shown by the blue region sloping downward. The steepness of the slope is controlled by the `Fade out time` setting. How low the background volume goes is controlled by the `Fade volume` setting.

Next the foreground audio is mixed in, which is shown by the red blocks. The volume (height) of the foreground region is controlled by the `Voice volume` setting. The space between the two red blocks represents the amount of silence allowed in the foreground audio before the background fades in again. It is controlled by the `Silence allowed` setting.

Finally, when the foreground audio ends or contains sufficient silence, the background audio fades in again, as shown by the blue region sloping upward. The steepness of the slope is controlled by the `Fade in time` setting. The level at which the foreground audio is considered silence is controlled by the `Silence level` setting and is shown as a yellow line in the graph.

If you use the `Play` button to start previewing, the graph displays a real-time representation of the faded and mixed audio.

Recommended adjustments before copying the foreground audio to the clipboard:

- Use `Trim Silence` to remove any leading and trailing silences.
- Use `Maximize Volume` to ensure the volume level is optimal.
- Use `Auto Offset Removal` to remove any offset. A large offset may affect silence detection.
- Make sure the sampling rate (shown in the status bar) matches the sampling rate of the background file. If it does not, use `Resample` to change it.

See Also: `Mix`, `Crossfade`, `Fade In`, `Fade Out`, `Shape Volume`, Presets

### Volume Menu

`Volume` in the Effect menu.

The Volume submenu contains several volume related commands. Volumes are usually specified in decibels (dB) or by a percentage (%) of the sound's original amplitude. For more information about volumes, see Volume Scales in Appendix A. Unlike the volume fader in the Control window, which changes the device playback volume, these effects change the sound's data.

#### Auto Gain

- `Auto Gain` in the Effect | Volume menu.
- `Auto Gain` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

Use `Auto Gain` to even out the volume to a consistent level across the selection. When recording a speech, interview, or telephone conversation, for example, the volume tends to vary depending on the position of the microphone relative to the person speaking. If the person or microphone moves around, the volume fluctuates. With telephone recordings, one person often sounds louder than the other.

`Auto Gain` automatically varies the volume level to increase it when it is low and decrease it when it is high (but it cannot correct overloaded or clipped audio).

Auto Gain Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Target volume (dB) | Sets the final peak volume of the audio. The gain is increased or decreased so that the peak level always hovers around this value. A value close to or slightly below 0dB (100%) is recommend for maximum volume. Values less than 0dB can be used to limit or clamp the peak level to a certain volume. The "Peak reducer" preset shows how peaks can be reduced to 90% without affecting the average volume.
Update interval (s) | Sets the time between volume adjustments. Values under one second give the best results. Use a smaller value if the audio level varies quickly. Use a larger value if the audio level is mostly even already, but needs occasional adjustments.
Attack/release (s) | Sets the time it takes for the volume to change from one interval to the next. Larger values smooth out volume changes so that they are more gradual. Setting this value to zero applies the new volume instantly every update interval. Usually values less than `Update interval` work best. Note that when using a non-zero setting, peaks may exceed the target volume briefly as the volume gradually changes from a higher level to a lower one.
Maximum gain (dB) | Sets the maximum amount the volume can increase. Audio containing many noisy silences can result in sudden bursts of noise if the `Silence level` setting is not set high enough. By limiting the maximum gain, explosive volume increases for quiet sections are reduced.
Silence level (dB) | Sets the level of noise to be considered as silence. Any audio below this level is ignored and not adjusted. In other words, `Auto Gain` is turned off while the audio level is below this threshold. Care must be taken when setting this value. Setting it too low greatly amplifies background noise. Set it as high as possible while still getting good gain results.

One drawback of `Auto Gain` is that background noise is amplified along with the foreground audio. In recordings where the background noise is consistent, but the foreground audio varies, the end result will be consistent foreground audio with varying background noise. Use `Noise Reduction` or other Filter effects in GoldWave before using `Auto Gain` to reduce or eliminate that problem.

For multichannel files, each channel is processed independently. While this ensures that the channels will have the same volume level, it may produce unbalanced stereo for short update intervals. If multichannel audio is not needed, convert the file to mono or use `Channel Mixer` in GoldWave to mix the channels into mono before using `Auto Gain`.

See Also: `Compressor/Expander`, `Maximize Volume`, Presets

#### Change Volume

- `Change Volume` in the Effect | Volume menu.
- `Change Volume` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

`Change Volume` makes the selection louder or quieter.

To make the volumes of several different songs sound similar, use `Loudness` instead.

Change Volume Setting
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Volume (dB) | Sets the relative volume. Positive values make the selection louder. Negative values make the selection quieter. A value of 0dB leaves the volume unchanged. If you are unfamiliar with the decibel scale, adjust the fader and watch the percentage value.

See Also: `Auto Gain`, `Maximize Volume`, `Mute`, Presets

#### Fade In

- `Fade In` in the Effect | Volume menu.
- `Fade In` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

`Fade In` gradually increases the volume throughout the selection.

Fade In Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Initial volume (dB) | Sets the starting volume. Use the lowest value to fade from silence. The volume increases to full (0dB) over the selection.
Logarithmic, Linear | Sets the shape of the fade. `Logarithmic` fades in more rapidly than `Linear`.

To fade in the first 5 seconds of a sound from silence:

1. Select the first 5 seconds of the sound.
2. Choose `Fade In` from the Effect | Volume submenu.
3. Enter −160 for the `Initial volume`.
4. Choose `OK`.

See Also: `Crossfade`, `Fade Out`, `Shape Volume`, Presets

#### Fade Out

- `Fade Out` in the Effect | Volume menu.
- `Fade Out` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

`Fade Out` gradually decreases the volume throughout the selection.

Fade Out Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Final volume (dB) | Sets the final volume. Use the lowest value to fade to silence. The volume decreases over the selection.
Logarithmic, Linear | Sets the shape of the fade. `Logarithmic` fades in more rapidly than `Linear`.

To completely fade out the last 5 seconds of a sound:

1. Select the last 5 seconds of the sound.
2. Choose `Fade Out` from the Effect | Volume submenu.
3. Enter −160 for the `Final volume`.
4. Choose `OK`.

See Also: `Crossfade`, `Fade In`, `Shape Volume`, Presets

#### Match Volume

- `Match Volume` in the Effect | Volume menu.
- `Match Volume` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

`Match Volume` makes the volumes of separate files seem similar.

This effect is considered obsolete. Please use `Loudness` instead.

When creating a CD, for example, you may notice that each song is recorded at a different volume level. This means you have to adjust the CD Player volume from one song to the next. By using `Match Volume`, you can adjust the volume levels of each song so they all have the same average level, eliminating the need to adjust the volume for each song later.

Match Volume Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Average (dB) | Sets the overall average volume of the selection.
Allow clipping | Uses the given average level, regardless if clipping is required.
Reduce average level to avoid clipping | Reduces the average level just before processing begins to ensure that the audio will not be clipped. A lower level is used for the entire file, so the file may not sound as loud as other files processed with the same level where clipping was not required.
Abort processing if clipping is required | Processing is aborted immediately when clipping is required. A range error is displayed. Use this setting for batch processing to prevent writing clipped audio.

Use `Match Volume` on each file to set the `Average` to the same value. Use `Batch Processing` to apply this effect to a group of files.

Volume changes are based on a root-mean-square (rms) average. The rms average is calculated with silent regions (below -44dB) excluded. Files with similar average levels will seem to have similar overall volume levels.

To match the left and right channel levels within a single file, use the `MaxMatch` instead.

The average value to use depends on the files. You should open each file and display the Match Volume effect to see what average value it has, then apply an overall average value to all the files. To avoid clipping distortion, it is best to use the minimum average across all files. For example, if one file has an average of -20dB and all the other files have a higher average, such as -18dB, then use -20dB for all files.

Unlike `Maximize Volume`, `Match Volume` may result in clipping distortion if the average level is set too high. The `Final peak` area displays the resulting final peak level after processing. If the peak exceeds 0dB, the value is shown in red as a warning that clipping may occur. Use a lower average to avoid clipping.

This effect should not be used with `Maximize Volume`. Use one or the other, but not both (one cancels the other).

See Also: `Loudness`, `Auto Gain`, `Compressor/Expander`, `Maximize Volume`, `MaxMatch`, Presets

#### Loudness

- `Loudness` in the Effect | Volume menu.
- `Loudness` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

`Loudness` sets the volume of a file to an international standard level defined in ITU-R BS.1770-4.

When creating playlists you may notice that some songs have a different volume level and you have to adjust the volume control from one song to the next. By using `Loudness`, you can set the volume of each song to a standard level to avoid such variations. The LUFS (Loudness Units Full Scale) number provides a way to compare and match volumes of different files. Files with the same LUFS number will seem to have to same overall volume.

Loudness
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Volume (LUFS) | Sets the standard volume of the selection. The standard recommends -23 LUFS, however that tends to be much lower than most songs currently available. You can scan several songs in your playlist to see the current levels, then pick one of the lower levels to use on all files.
Allow clipping | Uses the given volume, regardless if clipping is required.
Reduce volume to avoid clipping | Reduces the volume just before processing begins to ensure that the audio will not be clipped. A lower volume is used for the entire file, so it will not be at the standard volume you've given. However this ensure no distortion occurs if the volume is too high for the file.
Abort processing if clipping is required | Processing is aborted immediately when clipping is required. A range error is displayed. Use this setting for batch processing to prevent writing clipped audio.
Calculate Loudness Range | Rescans the selection to calcualte the loudness range (similar to the dynamic range). This is a much slower calculation, so it is not performed automatically. The loudness range is defined in EBU Tech 3342.

Use `Loudness` on each file to set the `Volume` to the same value. Use `Batch Processing` to apply this effect to a group of files.

Unlike `Maximize Volume`, `Loudness` may result in clipping distortion if the volume is set too high. The `Final peak` area displays the resulting final peak level after processing. If the peak exceeds 0dB, the value is shown in red as a warning that clipping will occur. Use a lower volume to avoid clipping or select the appropriate clipping option.

This effect should not be used with `Maximize Volume`. Use one or the other, but not both (one cancels the other).

See Also: `Auto Gain`, `Compressor/Expander`, `Maximize Volume`, `MaxMatch`, Presets

#### Maximize Volume (Normalize)

- `Maximize Volume` in the Effect | Volume menu.
- `Maximize Volume` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

`Maximize Volume` sets the peak level of the selection. First it searches the selection for the current peak level. Then it displays the level and the position of the level within the file. You can then specify a new maximum peak level.

Change Volume Setting
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Maximum (dB) | Sets the new peak volume. The volume of the entire selection is changed so that the peak will match that value. A value of 0dB normalizes the volume to full dynamic range, making the sound as loud as possible without clipping distortion.

Some effects in GoldWave may cause the volume level to go above 0dB. After using many effects, you should use the `Maximize Volume` effect before saving a file to ensure that the full dynamic range is not exceeded. Otherwise clipping may result in the saved file.

Always use `Maximize Volume` before saving a file to avoid clipping and make full use of the dynamic range.

Do not use `Maximize Volume` after using `Match Volume`.

See Also: `Auto Gain`, `Match Volume`, `MaxMatch`, `Mute`, Presets

#### Shape Volume

- `Shape Volume` in the Effect | Volume menu.
- `Shape Volume` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

Use `Shape Volume` to reshape the volume envelope of the selection using Shape Controls. The volume envelope is defined by the shape line, initially horizontal at 1.0, representing normal volume. Bend or move the line to dynamically change the volume over the selection. Add a point below 1.0 to decrease the volume. Add a point above 1.0, in the red section, to increase the volume. Note that increasing the volume may cause clipping distortion. Several preset shapes are included.

The `Show envelope` option calculates and displays the current volume envelope of the sound. The left channel envelope is shown in green and the right channel envelope is shown in red.

To reduce the volume of background music before mixing in a voice recording or narration over the music:

1. Open the voice file and make note of its length.
2. Choose `Copy` from the Edit menu.
3. Open the music recording.
4. Choose `Shape Volume` from the Effect | Volume submenu.
5. Select the "Fade for voice-over" preset.
6. Adjust the trough of the shape so that its time length is slightly larger than the length of the voice file and its position is located where you want to mix the voice file.
7. Choose `OK`.
8. Adjust the start marker to the position where you want to mix the voice file (the beginning of the trough).
9. Choose `Mix` from the Edit.
10. Choose `OK`.

Note that `Voice Over` makes this much easier.

See Also: `Auto Gain`, `Crossfade`, `Fade In`, `Fade Out`, `Pan`, `Voice Over`, Presets

### Playback Rate

- `Playback Rate` in the Effect menu.
- `Playback Rate` edit command in the Add Edit window of Batch Processing.

`Playback Rate` changes the playback rate of the entire sound. The sound plays faster (or slower) and its pitch is higher (or lower), similar to playing a vinyl record faster or slower. Essentially, this just changes the sampling rate value shown in the status bar. To change the playback speed without changing the pitch, use the `Time` effect.

While the playback rate of the audio device is controlled with the speed fader in the Control window, this has no effect on the file's data. You must use `Playback Rate` for the change to be permanent. Some file attributes may have a fixed sampling rate. A warning is shown in that case. An MP3 file with "Layer-3, 44100Hz, 192kbps, stereo" attributes, for example, is always saved with a 44100Hz sampling rate. You must use Save As to select attributes with the rate you want.

See Also: `Doppler`, `Pitch`, `Time`, `Resample`, Speed fader, Presets

### Resample

- `Resample` in the Effect menu.
- `Resample` effect in the Add Effect window of Batch Processing.

`Resample` changes the sampling rate of the entire sound. Unlike `Playback Rate`, this command re-calculates and interpolates all the data so that the pitch and playback time are not affected. Use this command to convert any sampling rate to the standard CD rate of 44100Hz or the standard telephony rate of 8000Hz.

Resampling is done using a high quality polyphase algorithm with a filter length of 192.

If you have a sound recorded at 44100Hz and do not need CD quality, you can save large amounts of disk space by resampling the sound to 22050Hz or 11025Hz. This reduces the size by 2 to 1 or 4 to 1.

See Also: `Time`, `Playback Rate`, Presets

## View Menu Commands

Before reading this section, review the terms introduced in the Interface Overview and Editing Overview sections.

View commands allow you to see a more detailed graph of part of the sound. They are similar to zoom commands in the Windows Paint accessory. When you zoom in (or magnify) the sound, you see a smaller section, but with greater detail. When zoomed out, you see the entire sound, but with less detail. The Overview box near the bottom of each Sound window gives you some information about what section of the sound is currently shown in the view (see the Main Window figure).

When zoomed in on part of the sound, a scroll bar appears at the bottom of the Sound window for moving to different parts of the sound while still keeping the same level of magnification. Clicking-and-dragging the waveform with the middle mouse button (wheel button) is another way of moving around. The current level of magnification is displayed in the Main window's status bar next to the modified status. The magnification is given as a time, which is the amount of audio currently shown in the view. Click on the status item to display a scale factor or set the magnification.

Most view commands use the start marker's position as the starting location for magnification, so you should move the start marker to the position of interest first.

Use the Options | Window command to set the initial zoom level when a file is opened.

### All

`All` in the View menu.

The entire sound is graphed in the view. In other words, it zooms all the way out so that the entire sound is visible. You can move the start and finish markers to select any part of the sound.

### Specify

`Specify` in the View menu.

Use `Specify` to magnify the Sound window graph to any specified level. The level can be given as a time length or as a ratio.

Use the `Length` option to specify the amount of time to show in the graph. For example, use 1:00 to show one minute of audio.

Use the `Ratio` option to specify the number of samples samples mapped to a single pixel on the screen. Values greater than 1 display an approximation of the waveform. Values less than 1 (such as 0.1) reveal individual samples and allow direct editing of the waveform.

`Start time` sets the position in the file to begin drawing the magnified waveform. If the given level is not possible, the closest valid level is used.

### Selection

`Selection` in the View menu.

Use `Selection` to magnify the selection, increasing the detail of the graph. You can zoom in many times by changing the selection and magnifying it again until only a single sample is shown in the view.

Click-and-drag the right mouse button over the waveform to zoom in without changing the selection.

Figure: View Selection

### Preset

`Preset` in the View menu.

Use `Preset` to magnify to the view to a favourite level. The sound is magnified to the level of detail specified in Options | Window. The level can be set to any preferred value.

### Previous

`Previous` in the View menu.

Use `Previous` to return the view to the previous zoom level. Use this to switch back and forward between two different zoom levels.

### Auto Scroll Lock

`Auto Scroll Lock` in the View menu.

When checked, `Auto Scroll Lock` scrolls the view automatically to follow playback and recording. Scrolling occurs only when zoomed in and when the current playback or recording position goes outside the view. This feature also enables keyboard navigation, which allows the playback marker to be moved via the keyboard.

### Zoom In

`Zoom In` in the View menu.

Magnifies the sound by a factor of 1.33x. This gives 33% more detail, but shows 33% less sound. The middle of the view is used as the zoom center. This command complements `Zoom Out`.

Click-and-drag the right mouse button over the waveform to zoom in on any part of the sound.

### Zoom Out

`Zoom Out` in the View menu.

Reduces magnification by a factor of 1.33x. This gives 33% less detail, but shows 33% more sound. The middle of the view is used as the zoom center. This command complements `Zoom In`.

### Zoom 10:1

`Zoom 10:1` in the View menu.

When the number to the left of the colon is greater than the number to the right, a very small section of sound is magnified at a high level of detail. At these levels, individual samples are easily visible and direct waveform editing with the mouse is possible.

### Zoom 1:1

`Zoom 1:1` in the View menu.

At a level of 1:1, each audio sample is represented as a single pixel on the screen. This reveals a true representation of the shape of the sound.

### 1 Second, 10 Seconds, 1 Minute, 1 Hour

`1 Second`, `10 Seconds`, `1 Minute`, or `1 Hour` in the View menu.

These show the given amount of time beginning at the start marker's position. Use View | Finish to see the audio at the end of the selection.

### Vertical Zoom All

`Vertical Zoom All` in the View menu.

Vertically zooms all the way out so that the entire vertical amplitude range of the sound is shown.

### Vertical Zoom In

`Vertical Zoom In` in the View menu.

Magnifies the graph vertically to show 1.33 times as much amplitude detail. Zooming is centered on the horizontal center of the view.

### Vertical Zoom Out

`Vertical Zoom Out` in the View menu.

Reduces vertical magnification to show 1.33 times less amplitude detail. This show a larger range of the amplitude. Zooming is centered on the horizontal center of the view.

### Start and Finish

`Start` or `Finish` in the View menu.

These commands scroll the view to either the start or finish marker's position. The view is centered over the marker's position provided its position and the level of magnification permit it to be centered. These commands are especially useful when you need to move a marker to a precise position. For example, you can zoom in 1:1 and move the start marker to an exact position and then use View | Finish to set the finish marker's position.

## Tool Menu Commands

GoldWave includes several tools for working with audio files. These are described in the following sections.

### Amplitude Statistics

`Amplitude Statistics` in the Tool menu.

`Amplitude Statistics` shows various statistics related to the selection's amplitude, such as peak, offset, loudness, and range. Values that need attention are shown with a red triangle. Clicking on a peak or clipped item zooms in on the location of the value in the selection. Clicking on the clipped value cycles through all the possibly clipped samples, zooming in on each one.

See Also: `Auto Gain`, `Compressor/Expander`, `Offset`, `Loudness`, `Maximize Volume`

### CD Reader

`CD Reader` in the Tool menu.

Use `CD Reader` to digitally copy audio directly from an audio CD to a file on your hard drive, without using your sound card. This features has several advantages over normal recording:

- There is no need to create and initialize a new file.
- Audio can be compressed while extracting, saving of hard drive space.
- Recording volume controls do not have to be selected or adjusted.
- Synchronizing sound card recording with CD playback is not required.
- Many CD-ROM drives read audio several times faster than sound card recording.
- Information such as artist, title, and album can be downloaded and saved automatically.

The CD-ROM drive must be MMC compliant (Multimedia Command Standard). Due to the wide variety of interfaces, inconsistent device standards, and a long standing bug in the Windows USB driver, incompatibilities may arise that will require a system reset. It is recommended that you close all other programs before proceeding.

If your system is configured correctly, the window allows you to select a CD device and to specify tracks to copy. If you have only one CD-ROM drive, only one device is listed in the drop down list. If you already have an audio CD in the drive, the track times are shown in the lists. Otherwise you will need to insert an audio CD and re-select the device from the list.

Read Tracks Tab
Use this tab to copy several tracks to separate files. The `Get Titles` button downloads information (album, titles, etc.) about the CD from an Internet database. An active connection to the Internet is required. You can select a single track from the list and use the `Rename` button (or `Alt+R`) to manually rename it. Use the `Save Tracks` button (the one with the diskette icon) to save all titles and disc information to the hard drive.

Use the `Select All` button to select all tracks or check the box for each track you want to save. You can preview tracks by selecting the Read Time Range tab, described below.

The `Save` button saves all selected tracks to separate files using the track title as the filename. You can select the file format and other options on the Save CD Tracks window that appears.

Use the Options tab to configure settings before saving.

Read Time Range Tab
Use this tab to copy any time range from the CD or to preview parts of the CD. A fast CD-ROM or DVD drive is required for previewing. You may have to increase the "Read speed" or the "Number of sectors per read" setting under the Options tab to get smooth playback. See the Options tab settings below.

The `Save` button saves the given time range to a single file. You can select the file format and provide a filename in the standard Save As window that appears.

Options Tab
Use the Options tab to changes settings for reading audio from the CD and the Internet database server.

CD Reader Options
Reading Options
Option | Purpose
--- | ---
Number of sectors per read | Sets the number of sectors to read from the CD at one time. This value should be as large as possible, provided your CD-ROM drive supports it. Reading may fail if the value is too large for a given drive. Higher values increase overall reading speed.
Number of sectors to overlap | Sets the number of sectors to overlap. A value of 3 is recommended. Using a higher value more forcefully corrects jitter (positioning defects), but slows down reading because more sectors have to be re-read. Use a value of 0 if your CD-ROM drive automatically corrects jitter to speed up reading.
Read speed | Many CD-ROM drives allow the spindle speed to be controlled. For fast reading, this value should be set as high as possible. A single speed CD reads data at 150kBps. To read at 10x, for example, set the speed to 1500kBps.
Swap bytes | Changes the order of the bytes read from the CD. Some drives incorrectly return audio data in the reverse byte order. This gives loud, badly distorted audio. Check this option to correct it.
Database Options
Server | Sets the server address of the database to use for downloading CD information. By default, it is freedb.freedb.org, but you can use a mirror site that is closer to your physical location for faster access. The server must contain the "/~cddb/cddb.cgi" path. Examples: `freedb.freedb.org/~cddb/cddb.cgi` `us.freedb.org/~cddb/cddb.cgi`
Proxy | Sets the HTTP proxy server for your network, if required. Leave this blank if no proxy server is used. Otherwise set the server and port in the `servername:port` format. Contact your system administrator or ISP for more information if you are unable to connect to the database. Example: `http-proxy.provider.net:8080`
Automatically download titles | Automatically downloads titles when the CD Reader tool is started or when a CD device is selected. This eliminates the need to use the `Get Title` buttons.
Prefix text and track number in title | Prefixes titles with the given text and track number when displaying titles. Enter text in the edit box with at least two # symbols for the track numbers, such as "## ", "Disc 1 ## " or "01-##-". The text must contain characters that are safe for filenames, so "Disc:1/##/ " is invalid.
Specify CD ID manually | Allows a different CD ID to be given for the database search. When the titles are about to be downloaded, a window appears where the calculated ID can be changed. A category must be specified since it is required by the database query. This option is for advanced users and should rarely be checked.
Editing Options
Open track files for editing | Automatically opens each track file in GoldWave immediately after it is successfully read from the CD. This makes it easier to edit the files later. If you do not need to open or edit the files, keep this option off to save processing time.

Troubleshooting

- If you get synchronization errors at the beginning, try continuing several times before giving up. Some drives are very inaccurate when spinning up and may require many continues before synchronization can be reliably established. If that does not help, set the "Number of sectors to overlap" value to zero on the Options tab and try again.
- If you see an error message indicating a read problem, make sure that the CD is free of dust and finger prints. If the CD contains a data track, try using the Read Time Range tab instead with a slightly increased From time and a slightly decreased To time to avoid accessing the data track.
- If preview playback is intermittent, increase the "Read speed" and the "Number of sectors per read" or reduce the "Number of sectors to overlap" under the Options tab.

#### Save CD Tracks Window

`Save` button on `Read Tracks` tab of the CD Reader window.

Use this window to set the destination folder, name, and format for all tracks read from the CD.

`Destination folder` specifies the location to store the tracks. Type in a folder name or use the folder button to browse for a folder.

The name of each track is the same as the name shown in the track list of the CD Reader window. If you've download track names from a database, then the `Replacement character` is used to replace any special characters, such as `\`, `/`, or `:` with safe characters so the files can be created properly.

Use the `File type` and the `Attributes` lists to specify the format to use for the tracks. You can select one of many popular compressed formats, such as MP3, M4A, or WMA, to save hard drive space. Use FLAC for lossless storage.

To overwrite any files with the same track name, check the `Overwrite existing files` box.

### Control

Use this command to show or hide the Control window. See the Control Overview section for more information.

### Cue Points

- `Cue Points` in the Tool menu.
- `Edit Cue Points` in the Edit | Cue Point menu.

Cue points mark and describe specific positions within sounds. They have numerous uses. When recording speech, for example, you can use them to hold information about the speaker or a translation of what the speaker said. For music, you can store lyrics for each verse. If you design instrument samples, cue points can hold looping points. Some multimedia applications use them to play or loop specific sections of a sound. When transferring albums to CDs, cue points can mark track division points, which can be used later to divide a large file into individual songs or tracks.

Cue points are shown as inverted triangles in the cue points slot of a Sound window, just above the time axis. If two cue points overlap, the colour of the cue point border will be red.

Cue points are saved only in certain files types.

Cue point are adjusted automatically when a file is edited, but not when effects are applied. Any effects that alters the length of the selection, such as Time or Silence Reduction, will cause the cue points within the selection to be misplaced.

There are several ways to create a new cue point:

- Use the `New` button on the Cue Points tool window, then enter the name and position.
- Right-click on the cue points slot in the Sound window (see the Main Window figure) and choose New Cue, then enter the name. The position is already set based on where you clicked the mouse.
- Play the file and press `Ctrl+Q` or use Edit | Cue Point | Add Cue Point to set a cue point at the current playback position. This also works while recording.

To edit an existing cue point, you can:

- Select the cue point from the list in the Cue Points tool window and choose the `Edit` button.
- Right-click on the cue point in the Sound window and choose Edit Cue.
- To change a cue point's position, drag-and-drop it to the new position in the Sound window's cue point slot.

To delete a cue point, you can:

- Select the cue point from the list in the Cue Points tool window and choose the `Delete` button.
- Right-click on the cue point in the Sound window and choose Delete Cue.

The `Delete All` button removes all cue points in the file. Use this button before using the `Auto Cue` button if you want to remove all existing cue points before automatically generating new ones.

The `Cull` button removes all cue points with the same position. Only the first cue point is retained and all other cue points with the same sample position are removed.

Additional menu commands are provided to move cue points to the start or finish marker's position or vice versa. Right-click on a cue point in the list to display the menu.

Click on a column header to sort cue points by number, position, or name.

Select a cue and use the `F4` key start playback at that cue. Press `F8` to stop playback.

Copy All Button
Use this button to copy all the cue point information into the clipboard. You can paste this into a text editor, such as the Notepad accessory.

Split File Button
Use the Split File feature to divide a large file onto smaller files using the cue points as split positions. This button displays the Split File Window.

Auto Cue Button
Use `Auto Cue` to create cue points automatically based on fixed intervals or detected silences. This button displays the Auto Cue Window.

#### Auto Cue Window

`Auto Cue` button in the Tool | Cue Points window.

Use `Auto Cue` to generate cue points automatically at fixed intervals or at silences detected within the audio. Existing cue points are not changed or removed. Use the `Delete All` button on the Cue Points window first if you do not want to use any of the existing cue points.

The `Split File` feature can be used later to split a file into separate pieces based on these cue points.

Mark Silence Button
Displays setting for generating cue points at silences, such as marking gaps between songs. A single cue point is added at each detected silence.

Mark Silence Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Threshold (dB) | Sets the upper volume level for the silence. In most cases, like vinyl recordings, the value should be -40dB or higher so that any background hiss, pops, or clicks are considered silence. Otherwise no silence would be marked at all. If you find that no cue points appear, try increasing this value to -30dB or higher. If you find that too many points appear, delete them, then decrease this value or change the values below. Using the Pop/Click and Noise Reduction filters effect first may improve silence detection.
Silence length (s) | Specifies how much silence is required before it is marked. Some songs contain brief silences that you usually do not want marked. This value helps to avoid marking any brief pauses within a song. Try values between 1.0 to 1.5 seconds to ignore these brief silences and mark only the longer silences between songs.
Minimum separation between cues (s) | Sets the minimum amount of time between one cue point and the next. If all the songs are longer than 2 minutes, for example, then set this value to 2:00 to ensure no silences within a song are marked. All cue points will be at least two minutes apart. Use the `Calculate` button to calculcate the separation based on a given number of cue points.
Cue placement within area (%) | Specifies where to place the cue point within the detected silent area. A value of 0 means at the beginning of the silence, a value of 100 means at the end of the silence. The default value of 50 places the cue point in the center of the silence area.

Spacing Button
Displays setting for generating cue points at fixed intervals, such as having cue points every 5 minutes. Cue points are added at the specified interval, starting at the given time.

Spacing Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Start time (s) | Sets the time to begin marking the file. If you enter 1:00, then the first cue point is inserted at time 00:01:00 in the file. Normally this value would be zero.
Interval (s) | Specifies the time interval to use between each cue point. A value of 5:00 would set cue points at five minute intervals (00:05:00, 00:10:00, 00:15:00, etc.). Use the `Calculate` button to calculcate the interval based on a given number of cue points.

Duplicates
This setting determines how duplicates are handled. A duplicate cue point is one that is close to an existing cue point. Only the position of the cue point is considered. Cue points with the same name, but different positions are not considered duplicates. If "Allow duplicates" is selected, then new cue points will be created on top of existing ones. If "No exact duplicates" is selected, then new cue points having the exact time as existing cue points are not added. If one of the other options is selected, then new cue points close to existing cue points are not added.

Cue Naming
These settings control how names are assigned to the new cue points as they are generated.

Cue Naming Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Time based | Names cue points based on its time position within the file. A cue point added at two minutes into the file, for example, will have the name 2:00.00000.
Numbered | Names cue points based on three digit sequential numbers. The names will be 001, 002, 003, etc. The starting number depends on the number of cue points already in the file.
Lettered | Names each cue point alphabetically, with three letters, such as AAA, AAB, AAC, etc. The starting name depends on the number of cue points already in the file.

Import/Export Buttons
Use the `Import` button to read cue points from a CD cue file. Use the `Export` button to save all cue points to a CD cue file. The default name of the cue file depends on the name of the current Sound file. For example, if the file you are working on is "music.wav", then the cue file is "music.cue" by default. See Options | Storage for a setting to use cue files automatically.

A CD cue file (Wikipedia entry) contains track information that some CD Recorder programs, such as CDRWIN and Nero, use when creating a table of contents for a CD. Creating a cue file may eliminate the need to split a large file into separate track files. You can open the cue file in the Windows Notepad accessory to edit or view its contents.
Use the `Import` and `Export` buttons in the Cue Points tool to load and save them.
Cue point positions in a cue file are accurate only to 1/75 of a second, which is the size of a single CD sector. They are stored more accurately within some sound file types.

#### Edit Cue Point Window

- `New` button in the Tool | Cue Points window.
- `Edit` button in the Tool | Cue Points window.
- `Add And Edit Cue Point` in the Edit | Cue Point menu.
- `New Cue` in the context menu of the cue points slot.
- `Edit Cue` in the context menu of the cue points slot when right-clicked on a cue point.

Use this window to set or change the attributes of a cue point described below.

Use the playback buttons or the keys `F4`, `F5`, `F7`, and `F8` to play, rewind, pause, or stop playback respectively.

Edit Cue Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Name | The tip text that appears when the mouse is over the cue point in the cue points slot of a Sound window. A name is required, so it cannot be left blank. The name may be used for as filename in the Split File feature. If the name is set to "]X[" or includes the text "[-Exclude-]", that cue point and section of the file is skipped when splitting.
Position (s) | Sets the time placement for cue point within the file.
Description | Any text. This may be left blank.

#### Split File Window

- `Split File` button in the Tool | Cue Points window.
- `Split File` in the Edit | Cue Point submenu.

Use `Split File` to divide a large file onto smaller files using the cue points as split positions. For example, after recording one side of an album or tape, set a cue point at the start of each song, then use Split File to automatically create separate files for each song. Each file can then be written to a CD-R disc as a separate audio track using separate CD Recording software.

Use the Auto Cue to automatically set cue points at silences between songs.

If a cue name contains the text "[-Exclude-]" or is set to "]X[", that cue point and section of the file is excluded from the split files.

Any information entered in File | Information is stored in each split file, if possible.

Destination Folder Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Use this folder | Specifies a destination folder where all the split files will be stored.
Use file's current folder | Uses the original file's folder as the destination folder for all the split files.
Overwrite existing files | If checked, then files with the same name that already exist in the destination folder are replaced (overwritten). If not checked, then splitting is aborted if a file with the same name is found.
Split Filename Settings
Setting | Description
Filename template | Controls how filenames are generated for the files. The template may contain any combination of text, number symbols `#`, or tokens listed below. The drop down template list contains some commonly used presets. `#` is replaced with the sequential split file number. Entering "Track##", for example, names the files named Track01, Track02, Track03, etc. `#` can be placed anywhere in the template, so names like "#### - CD1" or "#Track##" would be valid. The least significant digit is placed in the right-most `#` slot, so the first names would be "0001 - CD1" and "0Track01". Tokens are replaced with information from the original file, which has to be set before splitting the file. Any characters or symbols that are invalid for filenames (such as :, ?, *, etc.) are replaced with spaces.
Token | Meaning
--- | ---
# | The sequential split file number, starting at `First number`. The template may contain more than one #, each representing a single digit for the number.
<Album> | Album from the original file information.
<Artist> | Album Artist from the original file information.
<Cue Name> | Name assigned to the cue point.
<Genre> | Genre from the original file information.
<Original Filename> | Filename of the file being split.
<Title> | Title from the original file information.
First number | Sets the first number to use when creating the names with `#` as part of the template. It may also be used to set a track number in the tag/metadata.
Information Settings
Setting | Description
Discard cue point | If checked, then split files will not contain the cue point located at the beginning of each split. If this is not checked, then the cue point's name and description are stored in each file. If you've entered a description for each cue point and want it stored in each split file, make sure this option is not checked.
Replace track number | If checked, the track number information stored in split files is replaced with the sequential split number starting at `First number`. Otherwise the track number of the original file is stored.
Title | The title information for each split file will contain the selected item.
File Format Settings
Setting | Description
Use CD compatible wave format and alignment | Ensures that each file is stored in a CD compatible Wave format and that the length of each file is exactly aligned to a CD sector boundary, eliminating gaps between files/tracks. For accurate, glitch free alignment, you must resample the file to 44100Hz before splitting. This helps you create seamless tracks on a CD, provided you configure your CD-R software to not write silence between tracks. Note that if the end of the last track file does not contain enough audio to perfectly fill a CD sector, a tiny section of audio (usually silence) may be discarded for alignment. If the file does not end in silence you can use the Edit | Insert Silence command to add 0.0133 seconds of silence to pad the end of the file before splitting.
Use default save format and attributes | Uses the format given under the `Default Save Format` tab of the Options | File Formats window to create the files. No alignment is applied. Choose the `Set` button to change the format.
Use file's current format and attributes | Uses the format and attributes of the file being split, as shown in GoldWave's status bar, to create the files. No alignment is applied.

### Effect Chain Editor

`Effect Chain Editor` in the Tool menu.

Use the `Effect Chain Editor` tool to chain together a number of effects so they are all processed at once. There are many advantages to using chains, such as:

- Easier automation, less work. You can apply many effects with just a few mouse clicks.
- Less storage requirements. Extra temporary storage is not required for each effect in the chain.
- Faster, more efficient processing. Audio data is read from storage, processed, then written to temporary storage only once for the entire chain rather than for each effect.
- Create new effects. Chaining effects is a way of creating new effects.
- Advanced previewing. Preview how a series of effects will sound without ever having to process the entire file.

The left window is a tree list showing all the effect plug-in modules, with the GoldWave branch expanded initially. Only effects that can be chained are listed. Effects requiring special access to the audio data (like scans) or ones that are time based cannot be chained.

You can drag-and-drop effects to the right "chain list" window or select an effect and choose the `Add` button. Effects are always added to the end of the chain list. Expand the branch of other listed modules to use effects in those plug-ins.

Use the `Remove Last` button to remove an effect from the chain list. Note that only the last effect in the list can be removed. An effect in the middle of the list cannot be removed unless all effects below it are removed first. Use the `Remove All` button to remove all effects in the chain list.

When an effect is added to the chain list, it appears as a button. Use the button to change settings for that effect. Settings can be changed while previewing the audio.

When you have finished creating the chain, use the Presets controls near the bottom of the Effect Chain Editor window to save the entire chain as a single preset.

### Expression Evaluator

`Expression Evaluator` in the Tool menu.

The `Expression Evaluator` is a general purpose tool for manipulating and generating audio data. For a detailed explanation, see Appendix C.

### File Merger

`File Merger` in the Tool menu.

Use the `File Merger` tool to join together separate files into a single file. Files may be added in several ways:

- Use the `Add Files` button and select one or more files to add.
- Use the `Add Opened` button to add all currently opened files.
- Use drag-and-drop or copy-and-paste from Windows Explorer (use `Ctrl+V` to paste).
- Use drag-and-drop from iTunes.

Remove a file by selecting it and choosing the `Remove` button. The `Remove All` button removes all files from the list.

Files are joined in the order they are listed. Drag-and-drop files within the list to change their order or click on a column header to sort by file name or by file date. Clicking on the same column header a second time reverses the sort order. If more files are added to the list, they will not be sorted automatically and the column header must be clicked again if sorting is required.

Set the "Preferred sampling rate" for the merged file. This rate is used only if a rate is not specified in the attributes selected after you choose the `Merge` button. Many attributes have a predefined rate. The preferred rate will be ignored for those attributes.

As each file is merged, a cue point is added at the junction point. Check the `Export cue file` box to export these cue points to a separate Cue File. Select `Retain all cue points` to keep existing cue points in the files. Otherwise only cue points between merged files will be added.

Choose the `Merge` button to specify a filename, a file type, and attributes for the merged file. Merge processing begins immediately after you choose the `Save` button.

To split a file into smaller sections, see the Split File Window section under the Cue Points tool.

### Speech Converter

`Speech Converter` in the Tool menu.

The `Speech Converter` tool converts written text to spoken audio (text-to-speech) or spoken audio to text (speech recognition or dictation).

GoldWave uses the speech software in Windows to perform all conversion, so the quality of the voice or the accuracy of the recognition depends entirely on that software. The Speech Converter tool is not supported and will not work in versions of Windows that do not include the speech software. For more information see Microsoft's Speech website. Different voices and recognition engines are available from other vendors.

Use the Speech settings in the Windows Control Panel to configure text-to-speech and train speech recognition to your voice.

The Speech Converter tool consists of a text area with buttons above and below. The buttons along the top open a text file, save the text to a file, and perform basic editing functions on text. Use the `Context Menu` key (or `Shift+F10`) to display all the button commands as a menu for easier accessibility.

The buttons below the text area speak the audio, save the speech to an audio file, or take dictation from the microphone or an opened audio file.

#### Text To Speech (Reading)

Copy the contents of a website, document, report, or even chapters from a digital book (Sherlock Holmes, for example) and Paste them into the text area to have GoldWave read them to you.

You can save the audio directly to a file to copy it to your iPod or other portable player to listen to while jogging, working out, or doing other activities where reading isn't possible.

Use the `Speak` button to read the text. Playback is started from the edit cursor or at the beginning of the selection, if there is one. If the edit cursor is at the end of the text and there is no selection, then the entire contents of the text area is read.

Use the `Voice Settings` button to change the voice, volume, speed, and pitch. Windows usually includes just one voice, but others can be installed.

XML modifiers (such as <pitch middle='5'/>) are supported within the text to change the voice. Search online for "SAPI XML tags" for more information about modifying the voice using tags.

Use the `Speak To File` button to read the text directly to an audio file. Text is processed much faster than speaking through the sound hardware. Be sure to select all the text, otherwise only the selection or the text after the edit cursor is read to the file.

Audio files will be significantly larger than the original text files, so you must select a file type and attributes that minimize the audio file size while preserving good quality. Fortunately voice files do not require a high sampling rate or bitrate. The bitrate number, given in kilobits per second (kbps), controls the amount of space required per second of audio. Examples are given in the table below, with the amount of storage per minute. Note that CD quality audio requires 10MB per minute, which should be avoided if you intend to copy the audio to a portable player. The MP3 format may be the only one that will play on all portable players.

File Type, Attribues, and Size
File Type | Attributes | MB/minute
--- | --- | ---
MPEG Audio | Layer-3, 22050 Hz, 32 kbps, mono | 0.240
Windows Media Audio | WMA Voice 9, 20 kbps, 22.05 Hz, mono | 0.150
Ogg | Vorbis 22050 Hz, 30kbps (0.1q), mono | 0.225
Wave | PCM signed 16 bit, stereo (44100 Hz, CD Quality) | 10.58

When attributes do not include a sampling rate, then the rate specified under `Voice Settings` button is used.

#### Voice Settings Window

`Voice Settings` button in `Speech Converter`.

Use Voice Settings to change the voice, volume, speed, and pitch. Not all voice engines support all settings or allow them to be finely adjusted.

Voice Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Voice | Sets the voice engine to use. Windows may include just one voice, but others can be installed, such as IVONA.
Volume | Sets the loudness of the voice. Normally full volume is used.
Speed | Sets how slow or fast the voice speaks. Choose a setting you find most intelligible.
Pitch | Sets the tone of the voice. Some voices can be changed up or down by a full octave.
Rate | Sets the default sampling rate used when saving the speech to a file. This is used only if the selected file attributes do not specify a rate.

#### Speech To Text (Speech Recognition)

Use the `Dictate` button to record or convert audio to text. The source audio can be taken directly from the computer's Microphone or from the currently opened file (if present). Use the `Dictation Settings` to select the source and configure the microphone or train the recognition engine.

When processing from a file, a progress bar appears at the bottom of the window. Note that for long sections of speeches without any pauses, there will be a significant delay before any text appears and the progress bar advances.

Speech recognition is an evolving technology and is still far from perfect, so don't expect highly accurate dictation. Any background noise or music at all adversely affects accuracy. Using GoldWave's Noise Reduction effect or other filters may reduce accuracy as well. Recordings must be as clean as possible, without any effects processing.

Using the Microphone source may change your computer's audio settings and GoldWave's recording input. Use `Device` (and `Volume` for DirectSound) to reselect the input before starting any new recordings.

#### Dictation Settings Window

`Dictate` button in `Speech Converter`.

Before dictation can begin, the speech recognition software and the audio source must be specified.

Use the `Recognizer` drop-down list to select a speech recognition engine. Some versions of Windows may not include any speech recognition software. You can install the Microsoft Speech SDK (available from Microsoft's website) to enable speech recognition on some versions of Windows.

The audio `Source` may be from the microphone or from the current selection of an opened file in GoldWave. Use the `Configure` and `Train` buttons to configure the microphone and train the recognition software to understand your voice.

If you are unable to get speech recognition to work in GoldWave, use the Speech settings in Windows Control Panel to configure it.

## Options Menu Commands

These command configure and customize GoldWave.

### Apps

`Apps` in the Options menu.

Use `Apps Options` to enable network communications with apps or change passwords and other settings.

Check `Allow network connections to apps` to enable apps to interact with GoldWave.

The app's device must be connected to the local wi-fi network. Your computer's firewall must allow the following connections:

- UDP ports 2020 to 2040
- TCP ports 2035 to 2100

If those ports are blocked or GoldWave is not permitted to access the network, apps will not be able to communicate with the program. A connection cannot be made through a cellular data connection.

Use `Connection password` to set a unique password to prevent unauthorized access. The same password must be set in the app.

If `Manually confirm remote connections` is checked, a message appears when a remote device attempts to connect to GoldWave so you can allow or block the connection.

Enable or disable apps by checking the corresponding checkbox.

### Colour

`Colour` in the Options menu.

Use `Colour Options` to change the colour scheme of Sound windows and set channel colours. A preview window shows the current colour scheme.

Use the `Item` or `Channel` drop down lists and the `Colour` buttons to change the colours or select a different scheme from the preset `Schemes` drop down list.

Clicking the mouse in the preview window selects an item to customize.

Colour Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Item | Selects the graphical item to change, such as the grid lines, background, etc. Use the adjacent `Colour` box to select a different colour.
Channel | Selects the channel to change. Use the adjacent `Colour` box to select a different colour.
Set all channels to the same colour | Apply any channel colour change to all channels, so all channels have the same colour.
Automatically set unselected part to a darker colour | Automatically sets the unselected channel colour to a lower intensity of the selected channel colour.
Add gradients to colours | Makes the waveform and background colours gradients rather than plain, solid colours. Gradients are not shown in the preview window.
Overlap all channels using transparent colours | Draws all channels in a single row so that they overlap. The colours selected are blended so that channel layers can be seen. This is not shown in the preview. Gradients cannot be used if this setting is checked.

### Control Properties

- `Control Properties` in the Options menu.
- Properties button in the Control window.

Displays the Control Properties window.

### File Formats

`File Formats` in the Options menu.

Use `File Format Options` to:

- Set a default format for saving files.
- Associate a filename extension (such as `.snd` or `.vox`) with an audio type and attributes.
- Change the precedence or enable and disable File Format Plug-ins used by GoldWave.

These options are contained under separate tabs.

Default Save Format Tab
Use this feature to set a default save format for new files when using the `Save` command. Use the `File type` drop down list to select the type first, then select the specific attributes from the list. Use the `Filter` controls to lists only certain attributes of interest.

Whenever a file is created and saved, this format will be selected by default. Note that when creating a new file, you can select attributes (sampling rate and number of channels) that differ from the default save format. Be sure to select appropriate attributes to avoid conversions later when saving.

Select `Use this format for...` to use the same format for all "save" related commands (`Save As`, `Save Selection As`, etc.).

Select `Do not allow other file types...` to disable the file type and attributes boxes under "save" related commands to prevent them from being changed. It forces the use of the default format.

Undetectable Types Tab
Use this feature to associate a filename extension with an audio type and specific attributes. This is useful for automatically opening files that do not contain any information describing their format (raw files). For example, if you work with Dialogic telephony files, you can associate the .vox extension with a specific plug-in type. In this case, you'd use the Dialogic type, usually with "ADPCM 4 bit, 8000Hz, 32 kbps, mono" attributes. Whenever you open a `.vox` file, GoldWave will assume that format without asking you to specify it each time. This must be done prior to using `Batch Processing` when working with raw files.

The list shows all current associations, if any. Use the `Add` button to create a new association. Use the `Edit` button to modify an existing association. Use the `Remove` button to remove an old association.

To associate `.vox` with Dialogic ADPCM decoding:

1. Choose `File Formats` from the Options menu.
2. Choose the `Undetectable Types` tab.
3. Choose the `Add` button.
4. Enter "vox" in the `Extension` box. Do not enter a leading period.
5. Select "Dialogic (vox)" from the `File type` drop down list.
6. Select "ADPCM 4 bit, 8000 Hz, 32 kbps, mono" from the `Attributes` drop down list.
7. Choose the `OK` button.

See Appendix A for additional information about file attributes.

File Plug-in Precedence Tab
Use this feature to change the order that audio files are passed to plug-ins for opening, or to enable and disable plug-ins. By default all plug-ins found in the File plug-in folder are listed and enabled, with the built-in GoldWave plug-in listed first.

Select an item in the list and use the `Lower` and `Higher` buttons to change the order. The plug-in at the top of the list is the first one to be given the opportunity to open a file, if it recognizes the format. Otherwise, the file is passed to the next plug-in and so on until the file can be opened or no plug-ins are left. See File Format Plug-ins for more information. Check or uncheck an item to enable or disable that plug-in module.

Windows Associations Tab
Use these settings to associate file types with GoldWave so that Windows lists GoldWave as one of the programs in the "Open With" menu. GoldWave is not set as the default program for the file types. You must use Windows "Default Programs" settings to change that.

Select the file types to associate with GoldWave, then choose the `Apply` button. Administrator privileges are required to update the associations in the Windows registry.

Use the `Remove All` button to remove all GoldWave associations from the registry. Administrator privileges are required.

#### Associate Format Window

`Add` button in the `Undetectable Types` tab in the File Formats Options window.

Use Associate Format settings to assign a specific plug-in module and attributes to a file type or filename extension.

Associate Format Settings
Setting | Description
--- | ---
Extension | Sets the file type extension to be association to a format, such as `vox`, `snd`, `raw`. Do not insert a leading period.
File type | Sets the plug-in module to assign to the file type.
Attributes | Sets the specific attributes (channels, quality, rate, etc.) to assign to the file type.
Rate | Sets the default sampling rate for the file type, if not already assigned in `Attributes`.

Some plug-in modules allow custom attributes to be set. If so, the `Custom` button will be enabled and can be used to set those attributes.

### Keyboard

`Keyboard` in the Options menu.

Use `Keyboard Options` to set keyboard assignments (shortcuts) for functions in GoldWave. The list of the current assignments is given in the window with the function in the left column and the assigned shortcut in the right column. Use the arrow keys to move between items. To change a shortcut, move to right column for the function shortcut you want to change and type out the full text of the new combination of keystrokes, such as "Ctrl+Shift+Up", "X", "Ctrl+P", "Shift+Enter", etc.

Note that the `Left`, `Right`, `Up`, `Down`, `Page Up`, and `Page Down` keys are used for navigation and scrolling the view and should not be reassigned. The spacebar ("Space") is used to activate the buttons in the Control window when that window has the keyboard focus.

Choose `OK` to save and use keyboard assignments. Use the `Defaults` button to erase all keyboard assignments to restore them to their original, installed settings when GoldWave is restarted.

Use the `Load` and `Save` buttons to load or save keyboard assignments from or to a text file. These buttons allow you to backup assignments or load assignments created by others.

Use the `Find` box button to search for functions or shortcuts. Enter "Play", for example, to find playback related functions or "Ctrl+X" to find the function currently assigned to that shortcut. Press `Ctrl+F` to find the next match or `Alt+F` to change the search text.

The following table lists some of the names of keys that differ from their physical label.

Key Names
Key | Text To Enter
--- | ---
Control | Ctrl or ^ ^X = Ctrl+X
Backspace | BkSp
Return | Enter
Left Arrow | Left
Right Arrow | Right
Up Arrow | Up
Down Arrow | Down
Page Up | PgUp
Page Down | PgDn
Insert | Ins
Delete | Del
Numeric Keypad 5 | Num 5
Numeric Keypad / | Num /
Numeric Keypad * | Num *
Numeric Keypad - | Num -
Numeric Keypad + | Num +
System Request | (not usable)
Scroll Lock | (not usable)
Pause | Pause (may not work)
Escape | Esc
Space Bar | Space
+ (plus) | Shift+= (US Keyboards)
@ (at) | Shift+2 (US Keyboards)
Media Control Buttons*
Play/Pause | mxPlayPause
Stop | mxStop
Previous track | mxPreviousTrack
Next track | mxNextTrack
Browser Back | mxBrowserBack
Browser Forward | mxBrowserForward
Browser Refresh | mxBrowserRefresh
Browser Stop | mxBrowserStop
Play | mxPlay
Zoom | mxZoom

* Note that using the media control buttons may cause the wrong shortcut text to appear in menus. Browser buttons many be assigned to other tasks by the operating system. Also some keyboards do not map keys properly.

Scan codes for keys can be entered directly by entering `0x` followed by the hexadecimal scan code, such as `0x24` for the Home key. GoldWave shows key codes and names in the lower right corner of the window when possible. If nothing is shown or it doesn't change, then the key cannot be used.

See Also: Accessibility, Keyboard Commands

### Plug-in Options Menu

`Plug-in` in the Options menu.

The Plug-in menu contains a list of submenus for configuring Effect, File, and Visual plug-ins, if any. Plug-ins may be created by different developers. Consult the documentation included with the plug-in for more information. GoldWave Inc. does not provide technical support for plug-ins developed by other companies or individuals.

#### DirectX Audio Plug-in Configuration

`DirectX` in the Options | Plug-in menu.

If the DirectX plug-in is installed, this shows a list of compatible DirectX Audio Plug-ins currently installed on your system. Use this configuration to control what plug-ins GoldWave lists under the Effect | Plug-in | DirectX menu and to associate a different icon with a plug-in. Check the box next to an item in the Plug-in list to add it to the menu. Uncheck the box to remove it from the menu. Select an item, then choose an icon from the Icon list to associate that icon with the item. Note that GoldWave must be restarted before changes are acknowledged.

GoldWave requires plug-ins that process in IEEE 32 bit floating point audio (WAVE_FORMAT_IEEE_FLOAT) format. It will not list plug-ins that process only in PCM 16 bit audio format.

If you are unable to get a particular DirectX Audio Plug-in working, please contact the plug-in developer, not GoldWave Inc.

#### GoldWave Audio Plug-in Configuration

`GoldWave*` in the Options | Plug-in menu.

The GoldWave Audio Plug-in Configuration window configures the internal GoldWave file plug-in and controls general file and MP3 handling and 8 bit encoding.

Many file types are handled directly, but some are handled through external (operating system) decoders installed on the system. These system decoders may cause problems or errors for raw file data or non-standard or unusual audio types. Use the system options to control when the decoders should be used and what file types to avoid. DirectShow decoders were widely used in versions of Windows prior to Windows 7. Media Foundation has replaced DirectShow in Windows 7.

GoldWave can use FFmpeg or Libav decoders if installed. Those support a huge range of file types. Use the `FFmpeg/Libav decoders` box to specify the folders where the avcodec-56.dll and related modules are installed. Please note that GoldWave Inc. does not provide support for FFmpeg/Libav issues. Due to patent and licensing issues, FFmpeg modules cannot be included with GoldWave or even hosted on the website. Anyone installing those modules is responsible for all legal aspects related to their use.

The MP3 encoding settings control how MP3 files are encoded. Usually these do not need to be changed.

Use the dither setting to mask quantization distortion caused by converting high quality audio to low quality 8 bit. A triangular dither masks the distortion with white noise. Keep in mind that 8 bit quality is inherently noisy, so the white noise is quite audible, but usually less distracting than quantization distortion.

Dithering only affects the quality of the audio saved to the file. GoldWave maintains high quality audio internally, so it is never dithered even after saving. You must close and reopen the file from storage to hear the 8 bit audio quality.

Use the ACM_STREAMCONVERTF_END setting to control how the Audio Compression Manager finishes encoding or decoding the last block of audio. If the last block is incomplete, check this option. This setting is necessary because of inconsistencies in ACM codecs.

Use the ACM MP3 decoder setting to enable MP3 decoding through the older ACM codec. The ACM codec incorrectly decodes MP3 files to silence in some cases, so this setting should not be used unless problems occur with the Media Foundation decoder.

### Storage

`Storage` in the Options menu.

`Storage Options` configure folders, file storage, and undo levels. See the Storage Overview section for additional information.

Storage Settings
Storage Setting | Description
--- | ---
Open sound folder | Sets the initial folder to use when GoldWave starts when opening files. `Open` lists files in this folder. Select `Remember folder used last session` to automatically store the last used folder when GoldWave closes. Select `Use current file's folder` to use the folder of the currently opened and active file. If no files are opened, then the last used folder is used. Select `Always start with this folder` and use the folder button to select a specific folder to use.
Clear Recent File List | Removes the list of recently opened files from the File | Recent menu and the drop down menu on the `Open` toolbar button.
Save sound folder | Sets the folder to use when saving a new file or using `Save As` or `Save Selection As`. Select `Use file's current folder or folder last used (for new files)` to save the file in the same folder where it currently resides. For new files, the most recently used folder is used. Select `Always use this folder` and use the folder button to select a specific folder to use.
Memory, Hard drive | Sets where GoldWave stores audio, as explained in the Storage Overview section. Select `Memory` to store files in memory. Select `Hard drive` to store files on the hard drive. A folder where the temporary files will be saved can be set. The folder should be located on a large, local hard drive with plenty of free space. Changing the folder does not affect opened files already in temporary storage.
Undo levels | Sets the number of edits/changes that can be undone. A value of 5 means you can undo the five most recent changes performed on the file. A value of 0 means that you cannot undo any changes. Larger values use much more storage to hold the previous audio data. When using `Memory` storage, this should be set to a small value. Otherwise memory may be depleted quickly and system performance will degrade.
Allow undo after save | Allows changes to be undone after a file is saved. Normally when a file is saved, the undo and redo history are cleared to release temporary storage and clear any ties to other files that may have been used when editing. If this option is checked, then temporary storage is not cleared and all ties remain so undo and redo can occur. Note that if a file is reloaded due to a format change (stereo to mono, for example), undo and redo are not permitted.
Cue points storage | Use `Automatically import and export separate cue file` to automatically save or load cue points from a separate cue file when saving or opening a sound file. If you open a file named "music.mp3", cue points are imported from a "music.cue" file, if it exists. If you save a file named "music.mp3", cue points are saved in a "music.cue" file (overwriting any existing file). Automatic import and export is done only for file formats that cannot store cue point information internally. Cue files are not saved automatically for other file formats (such as `.wav`). Use the `Cue Points` tool to manually import or export a cue file. When automatically exporting cue files, any existing cue file with the same name will be overwritten without notification!

### Theme

`Theme` in the Options menu.

Use `Theme Options` to change the appearance of GoldWave with a different theme and colour scheme. Choose any theme from the list to use it. GoldWave should be restarted after selecting a new theme to ensure it is applied properly to all windows.

### Toolbar

`Toolbar` in the Options menu.

Use `Toolbar Options` to customize GoldWave's toolbars. Initially the top toolbar contains main menu commands, while the lower tool bar contains only effect commands. Select an item and use the `Add` and `Remove` buttons or drag-and-drop items between the Available and Current lists to control the layout of the toolbars. The order which items appear in the Current list is the same as the order they will appear on the toolbar. You can drag-and-drop items within the Current list to rearrange them.

Use the drop down list to set the size, captions, and visibility of the toolbar.

To arrange toolbars, drag-and-drop them within GoldWave's Main window by clicking on the vertical bumps near the left edge of the toolbar. Right-click on the toolbar to reset it or to allow the order of the toolbars to be changed.

Figure: Toolbar Options

### Window

`Window` in the Options menu.

Use `Window Options` to configure the positions of Sound windows, set axis options, specify preset and initial zoom values, and set miscellaneous options.

Window Options Settings
Group | Setting | Description
--- | --- | ---
Sound window layout | Cascade | Allows Windows to arrange Sound windows in layered, cascaded arrangement.
Maximize | Makes a Sound window occupy the entire area within the Main window.
Auto-tile | Resizes all Sound windows whenever a new sound is opened or closed so that all are visible. The arrangement is the same as using Window | Tile Horizontally.
Tabs | Makes Sound windows as large as possible, but with a tab for each file along the top for easier selection of opened files.
Miscellaneous | Always confirm before saving | Prompts to confirm saving a file whenever `Save` is used.
Update "Default" effect preset after each use | Saves the current effect settings under the "Default" preset so those settings will be selected the next time the effect is used. The "Default" preset is updated only if the `OK` button is used.
Draw overview graph | Draws the Overview based on the audio waveform. If unselected, only lines are drawn, which is faster.
Hide playback marker | Hides the playback marker whenever playback stops. See Navigation for more information about the playback marker.
Hide selection { } handle boxes and playback triangle | Removes the selection handles { } from the start and finish markers and removes the green triangle from the playback marker. Use this setting when doing precise editing so that the waveform is not obscured by the markers.
Show full filenames in title | Shows the full path and filename of the file in the title bar of the sound window (if there is sufficient space).
Retain current view and zoom when using Undo | Does not change the view and zoom to back to the previous level when a modification is undone. The view and zoom level are unaffected by Undo, when possible. Note that the view may have to be changed if the duration of the file has changed and the view is outside the bounds of the file.
Axes Numbering | Y | Sets the units of the vertical axis in Sound windows. `Off` hides the axis completely. `Normalized` shows an axis with a range of -1.0 to 1.0. `Signed 16 bit` shows an axis ranging from -32768 to 32767, which is the range of a 16 bit sample. `Unsigned 8 bit` shows an axis with a range of 0 to 255.
X | Sets the format for displaying the horizontal time axis near the bottom of Sound windows. `Hours : minutes : seconds` gives the time as three sets of numbers separated by colons, such as 12:23:56. `Minutes : seconds` gives the time as two sets of numbers separated by colons, such as 1234:56. `Seconds` gives the time as a floating point number, such as 1234.56. `Samples` gives a sample count.
Grid | Grid | Select `Grid` to display a custom, vertical grid over the waveform, which can be used to align markers.
Spacing | Sets the time between each grid line in seconds. The equivalent beats-per-minute is shown.
Divisions | Sets the number of divisions between each grid spacing line. These are shown as dotted lines.
Snap markers | Ensures that whenever edit markers are moved, they are snapped to the closest grid line. Note that if Edit | Selection | Snap To Zero-Crossing is checked, markers are snapped to the grid first, then the nearest zero-crossing point.
Mouse | Simple left and right mouse button selection method | Moves the start marker when the left button is clicked and move the finish marker when the right mouse button is clicked. No context menu appears. You will not be able to use the new right-click-and-drag features. This is the way old versions of GoldWave worked.
Standard click-and-drag selection method with right-click menu | Sets the selection uses a standard click-and-drag method and displays a context menu when the right mouse button is clicked. Allows the left mouse click to be assigned to a specific function.
Single click | Sets the function for perform when the left mouse button is clicked. Available only if the standard method above is selected.
Ctrl click | Sets the function for perform when the left mouse button is clicked while the Ctrl key is held down. Available only if the standard method above is selected.
View | Time shown for the View Preset command | Sets the amount of time to show in the View when using `Preset`.
Initial time shown when sound opened | Sets the amount of time shown in a Sound window when it is first opened. Choose `All`, to show the entire waveform. Using a value under 1 minute can speed up opening/drawing a large file.
Overview height | Sets the default height (in pixels) of the Overview area along the bottom of the Sound window. This setting does not change the height of the Overview in currently opened Sound windows, only new ones. Drag the splitter between the graphs to adjust the height manually.

### Register

- `Register` in the Options menu, only in the evaluation version.
- `Register` button in `About`, only in the evaluation version.
- `Enter License` button above the status bar, only in the evaluation version.

Although the evaluation version is fully functional, GoldWave is not free software. The evaluation version will expire after a generous amount of use. Please see the website for purchasing and pricing details.

Use `Register License` to enter a license into the program.

Lost License
Click here to retrieve a lost Lifetime license by e-mail. An One Year license cannot be replaced. A new license must be purchased.

### Setup

`GoldWave Setup` in the Windows menu.

Use `Setup Options` to change the way GoldWave intializes (such as loading plug-in) and alters the way it runs. These settings should not be changed on most computers.

If certain plug-ins are causing division-by-zero or invalid floating point errors, check the `Ignore floating point errors` box to ignore the error. Note that this setting may cause distortion in some of the built-in effects in GoldWave, so it is better to contact the plug-in developer to correct the problem rather than ignore it.

Use the `Backup Settings` button to save all GoldWave settings and presets to a file (except keyboard assignments).

Use the `Restore Settings` button to load all the settings from the file.

Use the `Transfer Settings From v5` button to get all settings and presets from GoldWave v5. Some settings in v5 are not compatible with more recent version of GoldWave. Use this buttom only if you have many custom presets or settings that have to be transferred. If you have only a few custom settings or presets, enter them manually instead. All settings in the current version of GoldWave will be lost. Backup current settings before using this command unless you just updated to the new version from v5.

To save keyboard assignments to a file, use the `Save` button on the Keyboard Options window.

## Window Menu Commands

These commands organize Sound windows and the Control window.

### Cascade, Tile, Minimize, Arrange

`Cascade`, `Tile`, `Minimize`, or `Arrange` in the Window menu.

`Cascade` layers Sound windows on top of each other so that their title bars are visible.

`Tile Horizontally` arranges Sound windows above and below each other (or side by side if necessary) so that all windows are visible.

`Tile Vertically` arranges Sound windows side by side (or above and below each other if necessary) so that all windows are visible.

`Minimize All` minimizes all Sound windows so only a small title bar is shown.

`Arrange All` arranges minimized Sound window in rows on the bottom of the Main window.

### Classic Control, Horizontal Control, Vertical Control

`Classic Control`, `Horizontal Control`, or `Vertical Control` in the Window menu.

`Classic Control` places the Control window in the bottom right corner of the screen and arranges the controls and visuals in a square layout similar to old versions of GoldWave.

`Horizontal Control` places the Control window along the bottom of the Main window and arranges the controls and visuals horizontally.

`Vertical Control` places the Control window along the right side of the Main window and arranges the controls and visuals vertically.

### Window List

Items at the bottom of the Window menu.

A list of all currently opened Sound windows is given at the bottom of the Window menu.

## Help Menu Commands

### Contents

`Contents` in the Help menu.

Starts Window's Help and displays an introduction to GoldWave.

### Manual

`Manual` in the Help menu.

Starts the default web browser to display the GoldWave manual.

### Check for Updates

- `Check for Updates` on the Help menu.
- `Automatically check for updates` in the Register window.
- `Automatically check for updates` in the About window.

Use this command to check for updates now.

If the `Automatically check for updates` box is checked in the Register or About window, GoldWave checks the website about once a month for updates. If a new version is available, a message gives you the option of downloading the new version from the website. Internet firewalls may need to be adjusted to allow GoldWave to make a HTTP connection to the website. This feature does not work if your Internet connection uses a proxy server.

Make sure that all opened instances of GoldWave are closed before installing an update.

### About

`About` in the Help menu.

Displays GoldWave version and registration information. See Check for Updates. for more information about the `Automatically check for updates` box.

## Command Line Parameters

Command line parameters change the way GoldWave starts when run from the Windows Command Prompt. Use the parameters to open, play, or record files, or to run batch processing. Also use the parameters when manually associating a file type with GoldWave. A parameter must be prefixed with `-` (minus), as shown.

Syntax:
`"C:\Program Files\GoldWave\GoldWave.exe" -parameter "filename" ...`

Quotes are required around the program path and the filename. Parameters are not case sensitive. Multiple filenames and parameters can be given. Wildcards (*, ?) are supported in filenames. All files are opened or processed.

Command Line Parameters
Parameter | Purpose
--- | ---
-clipboard:`filename` | Copies the specified file to the clipboard for batch processing. This can be used only with `-process`. If the filename contains spaces, double quotation marks must enclose the entire parameter. Example `"C:\Program Files\GoldWave\GoldWave.exe" -process:Mix "My Music.wav" "-clipboard:My Vocals.wav"`
-close | Closes the program after playing the file on the command line. This parameter must be used with `-play`. If the user interacts with the program, it may not be closed. Example `"C:\Program Files\GoldWave\GoldWave.exe" -play -close "C:\My Music\Song.mp3"`
-config | Displays the Setup Options window to configure core functionality in GoldWave. This is the same as using GoldWave Setup from the Windows Start menu. Use this only when the program is not functioning correctly due to hardware or operating system limitations or problems. Buttons to backup and restore all GoldWave settings and presets to and from a separate file are found on this window.
-new(`duration`,`rate`,`channels`):`filename` | Creates a new file using the default File | New settings if no other information is given. Use this with `-record` to start recording in a new file from the command line. The duration, sampling rate, channels, and filename may be specified on the command line as shown. The default save format is used when saving the file. When specifying a new filename on the command line, the file is overwritten without warning! Example `"C:\Program Files\GoldWave\GoldWave.exe" -new` `"C:\Program Files\GoldWave\GoldWave.exe" -new:Sample.wav` `"C:\Program Files\GoldWave\GoldWave.exe" "-new(60):One Minute Mono.wav"` `"C:\Program Files\GoldWave\GoldWave.exe" "-new(300, 48000, 2):Five Minutes DAT.wav"`
-nosplash | Suppresses the splash window when starting the program.
-outfolder | Specifies the destination folder for all processed files for batch processing, overriding the batch preset Folder settings. If the folder name contains spaces, double quotation marks must enclose the entire parameter. If the folder hierarchy is to be preserved, then that option must be selected in the preset. This can be used only with `-process`.
-play | Plays the file given on the command line. Use `-close` to automatically close the program after the file has finished playing. Only the first file on the command line is played.
-process -proclog | Starts GoldWave in batch processing mode. Most other parameters are ignored. See File | Batch Processing for details.
-record | Start recording in the file given on the command line or in a new file. Use with `-new` to create a new file for recording. Example Opens the program and starts recording in a new file: `"C:\Program Files\GoldWave\GoldWave.exe" -record` Example If Auto save is enabled, then the following command line creates a new 3 minute file, records, saves it, then closes the program: `"C:\Program Files\GoldWave\GoldWave.exe" -new(180):newfile.wav -record -close` When specifying a filename on the command line, an existing file with that name is overwritten without warning!
-region:`start`,`length` | Sets the initial selection for the first audio file given on the command line. `start` is the starting point in samples. `length` is the number of samples to select. If either `start` or `length` contain a decimal point, then both values are assumed to be units of time rather samples. Examples `"C:\Program Files\GoldWave\GoldWave.exe" -region:10.0,7.5 music.wav` `"C:\Program Files\GoldWave\GoldWave.exe" -region:441000,330750 music.wav`
-same | Opens a file in the current running instance of GoldWave rather than starting another copy of the program. Use this when associating a file type with the program. The window of the current instance is brought to the foreground. To prevent that, use `-notop`. Use the Setup Options window to change this setting.
-subfolders | Includes all subfolders when used with batch processing and a patterned filename is given (such as *.wav). This can be used only with `-process`. Before using this parameter, folder settings for the preset must be set appropriately under the Destination Tab of Batch Processing. Example `"C:\Program Files\GoldWave\GoldWave.exe" "-process:iTunes to MP3" "C:\My Music\*.m4a" -subfolders`

# IV. General Information

## Warranty, Trademarks, and Copyright

GoldWave ("the package") includes the following software and documentation:

    GoldWave.exe         GoldWave application file
    GWSpeed64.dll        Accelerated multithreaded code
    GoldWave.html        GoldWave manual layout
    GoldWaveManual.html  GoldWave manual
    Index.html           GoldWave manual index
    Images (*.png;*.jpg) All images associated with this manual
    GWPreset.xml         Presets and shapes
    ReadMe.txt           Important information
    WhatsNew.txt         Revision history
    FLACFile.pig         FLAC file plug-in
    OggFile.pig          Ogg Vorbis file plug-in
    OpusFile.pig         Opus file plug-in
    QTFile.pig           QuickTime file plug-in
    WMAFile.pig          Windows Media Audio file plug-in
    GWVST32.pig          VST effect wrapper
    GWVSTBridge.pig      VST 64 bit to 32 bit bridge
    GWVST.html           GWVST manual

The package is provided as is, without warranty of any kind. GoldWave Inc. shall not be liable for damages of any kind. Use of this software indicates you agree to this.

The package and this documentation are copyright © 2018 by GoldWave ® Inc. All rights reserved. This document and associated images may not be shown on a public website.

Copies of the evaluation version of GoldWave may be given to anyone. Magazine and book publishers may include the evaluation version on cover and companion CDs and DVDs. Only the original GoldWave self-installing evaluation file may be distributed. This ensures everyone receives a complete and working copy. Distributing modified or incomplete copies is a violation of the copyright. Please note that GoldWave is not free software and should not be described as such.

GoldWave is a registered trademark of GoldWave Inc.

Matlab is a trademark of The Math Works Incorporated.

Windows & Microsoft are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.

Sound Blaster is a trademark of Creative Labs Incorporated.

All other trademarks/registered names acknowledged.

## Support and Updates

The latest information and updates can be found on the GoldWave website:

http://goldwave.com

If you encounter any problems, please check the following information:

- Appendix E: Troubleshooting and Q&A
- The GoldWave website under Frequently Asked Questions

If a problem still cannot be resolved, please send a detailed description to the address below.

Questions, comments, and suggestions are welcome. You can find contact information here:

http://goldwave.com/contact.php

Postal Address
GoldWave Inc.
P.O. Box 51
St. John's, NF
CANADA A1C 5H5

# Appendix A: An Introduction to Digital Audio

## Digital Audio Basics

In the digital world, everything is reduced to an on or off state so that it can be stored in computer memory as a single bit of information: 1 or 0. Complex real world things, like images and audio, cannot be directly represented in such a simple manner. An image is rarely composed of black and white dots and audio is rarely just on or off.

Reducing images and audio to a digital state requires an analog-to-digital conversion. Instead of using just one bit of information, many bits are used to more accurately store the state. By using 2 bits, for example, four states are possible: 00, 01, 10, 11. For images, that could be black (00), dark gray (01), light gray (10), and white (11). For audio, that would give four different levels of loudness. Typically, many more bits are used. Most computer video cards use 16 to 32 bits to store a single dot. Sound cards typically use 16 bits for audio levels.

The number of bits to use depends on human perception and bit alignment within computers. Computer tend to bundle bits in groups of 8, called bytes, so using 8, 16, 24, or 32 bits would fit nicely in 1, 2, 3, or 4 bytes respectively. For images, 16 bits do not provide enough states to make the transition from one state to the next imperceptible, so 24 or more bits are used. For audio, 16 bits are adequate, which is what a CD contains, but audio systems using 24 bits will be common in the future.

### Samples

Digital audio is composed of thousands of numbers, called samples. Each sample holds the state, or amplitude (loudness), of a sound at a given instant in time. For images, each point of light, or pixel, has a certain brightness and location and all pixels combine to make a picture (see figure below). For digital audio, all the samples combine to make a waveform of the sound.

Figure: Samples

When playing audio, each sample specifies the position of the speaker at a certain time. A small number moves the speaker in and a large number moves the speaker out. This movement occurs thousands of times per second, causing vibration, which we hear as sound.

## Digital Audio Attributes

There are several attributes that determine the quality and size of a digital audio file. They are the sampling rate, the bit depth, the number of channels, and the bitrate.

### Sampling Rate

The sampling rate is the number of times, per second, that the amplitude level (or state) is captured. It is measured in Hertz (seconds-1, Hz). A high sampling rate results in high quality digital sound in the same way that high resolution video shows better picture quality. Compact disks, for example, use a sampling rate of 44100Hz, whereas telephone systems use a rate of only 8000Hz. If you've ever heard music on the telephone while on hold, you'll notice a big difference in quality when compared to the original music played on a CD player.

Higher sampling rates capture a wider range of frequencies and maintain a smoother waveform. The figure below shows a real world waveform in red and the digital waveform in black at different sampling rates. You can see that increasing the sampling rate makes each step of the digital waveform narrower. The shape more closely follows the real world. In general, the height of each step is reduced as well, but that depends on the number of bits. In simple terms, the sampling rate controls the width of each step.

Figure: Sampling Rate

The rate to use depends upon the type of sound and the amount of storage space available. Higher rates consume a lot of space. In the above example, the CD requires over 5 times the amount of storage as the telephone system for the same digital sound. Certain types of sounds can be recorded at lower rates without loss of quality. Some standard rates are listed in the table.

Standard Sampling Rates
Attributes | Quality and Usage | MB/Minute (16 bit, mono)
--- | --- | ---
8000Hz | Low quality. Used for telephone systems. Good for speech. Not recommended for music. | 0.960
11025Hz | Fair quality. Good for speech and AM radio recordings. | 1.323
22050Hz | Medium quality. Good for TV and FM radio quality music. | 2.646
44100Hz | High quality. Used for audio CDs. | 5.292
48000Hz | High quality. Used for digital audio tapes (DAT). | 5.760
96000Hz | Very high quality. Used for DVD audio. | 11.520

### Bits

As explained in the Digital Audio Basics section, the number of bits determines how accurately the amplitude of the waveform is captured. The figure below shows a real world waveform in red and the corresponding digital waveforms with 2 bit samples and 3 bit samples.

Figure: Bits

You can see that adding a single bit greatly improves the way the digital waveform conforms to the real world waveform. The 2 bit waveform looks like a rough approximation with large steps. Several amplitudes are rounded to the same state, such as samples 9 through 11. This is a source of quantization noise, explained later.

In the 3 bit waveform, no amplitudes are rounded to the same state. Each step is half the height of the 2 bit waveform, but it is still not perfect. From sample 1 to sample 2, there is a jump in the waveform, which also causes quantization noise to a much lesser extent. You'll notice that samples 0 and 1 are below the real waveform and samples 2 and 3 are above the waveform. This occurs because there are no in-between states to accurately store those amplitude levels, so the digital waveform ends up straddling the real one. Therefore more states, and bits, are needed.

8 bit and 16 bit samples are common. In an 8 bit sample, there are 256 different states or levels of amplitude. 16 bit samples have 65,536 levels. This makes a huge difference it terms of sound quality. Audio stored as 8 bit samples will often have much more quantization noise.

#### Signed and Unsigned

Samples can be stored as bits a couple of different ways. One way is to consider all the states as positive, with no values below zero. As shown in the figure above, the states 00, 01, 10, and 11 are the same as the positive numbers 0, 1, 2 and 3. This eliminates the need for a negative sign. Such samples are called unsigned. For 8 bit samples, the states would range from 0 to 255.

The other way is to use a form known as two's complement, which allows both positive and negative values. These samples are called signed. Since real world waveforms tend to fluctuate through a range of positive and negative values, signed samples are preferred. For 16 bit samples, the states would range from -32678 to 32767.

#### Big and Little Endian

When a sample is stored using more than 8 bits, more than one byte is needed. The term endian is used to describe the way bytes are ordered in computer memory. It specifies the significance of the first byte in the group. A 16 bit sample, for example, requires exactly two bytes, byte A and byte B. They can be stored as A first, then B or as B first, then A. Generally a PC will store them one way and a Mac will store them the other way due to differences in the internal processor design of those systems.

Big endian order has the most significant byte stored first, making it similar to the way we read numbers. In the number 47, the 4 is first and is most significant and the 7 is last and is least significant. This ordering is used on Mac systems.

Little endian order has the least significant byte stored first, allowing some optimizations in processing. This ordering is used on Intel and PC systems.

### Channels

Digital audio can have one or more channels. Single channel audio, referred to as a monaural (or mono) audio, contains information for only one speaker and is similar to AM radio. Two channel audio, or stereo audio, contains information for two speakers, much like FM stereo. Stereo sounds can add depth, but they require twice as much storage and processing time as mono sounds. Most movie theatres have advanced audio systems with 4 or more channels, which are capable of making sounds appear to come from certain directions. Audio containing more than 2 channels are referred to as multichannel. GoldWave currently supports up to 8 channels in a 7.1 surround sound format as shown in the table.

Channel Layout
Front left (FL) | Center (C) | Front right (FR) | 3.1 | 5.1 | 7.1
Low frequency effects (LFE)
Back (5.1)/Side (7.1) left (SL) |  | Back (5.1)/Side (7.1) right (SR) |
Back (7.1) left (BL) | Back (7.1) right (BR) |

Due to the internal structure of Wave files and the Windows default channel ordering, the "back" channels are stored before the "side" channels in 7.1 surround sound. Therefore GoldWave refers to the 5.1 surround channels as "back" channels and displays the 7.1 "side" channels below the "back" channels.

## Digital Audio Limitations

Since digital audio is limited by the sampling rate, the number of bits, and the number of channels, a digital waveform can never be an exact replica of the real world waveform. These limitations can lead to a number of problems, such as aliasing, clipping, and quantization noise.

### Aliasing

Aliasing occurs when the sampling rate is not high enough to correctly capture the shape of the sound wave. The recorded sound will have missing tones (Figure: Aliasing, top) or new tones that never existed in the original sound (Figure: Aliasing, bottom). These problem can be eliminated by using higher sampling rates or by using anti-aliasing filters.

Figure: Aliasing

Higher sampling rates increase the number of sampling points. To see how this works, try adding a three points between each sampling point in the figure and redraw the graph. The recorded sound will more closely resemble the input.

Anti-aliasing filters remove all tones that cannot be sampled correctly. They prevent high pitched tones from being aliased to low pitch. Many sound cards include anti-aliasing filters in hardware.

### Clipping

Clipping errors occur when the level is too high to be stored in the bits available. For example, if the maximum level for a 16 bit sample is 32767, and the actual level is 40000, then it must be clipped to 32767 to fit (see the figure). This generates distortion. To eliminate clipping, adjust the recording volume before recording. By using the Control window's Monitor input on visuals feature, you can adjust the volume to a suitable level. The volume is low enough when the VU Meter visual does not reach the top of the red region.

Figure: Clipping

Clipping can occur when processing effects, such as increasing the volume with the Change Volume effect. GoldWave does not clip audio internally, but it has to be clipped when sending the audio to the sound card or when saving a file. You should use the Maximize Volume effect with a 0dB setting before saving to ensure that no clipping occurs in the file.

### Quantization

The real world has an infinite number of states, but the digital world has a very limited number of states. Quantizing is process of assigning an amplitude to this limited quantity of states. Quantization noise occurs when an amplitude is rounded to the nearest state for the given number of bits. This is illustrated in the Bits section. Using 2 bits causes large rounding errors and only roughly follows the real waveform. Using 3 bits has much smaller rounding errors, but is still nowhere near as smooth as the real world waveform. Using 8 bits gives a much smoother waveform, but the round errors can still be heard. Using 16 bits gives errors so small that they are almost imperceptible.

### Noise

To minimize internal and external noises, make sure your sound card is installed as far away from your graphics card as possible. If the sound hardware is integrated into the computer's main board, consider purchasing and installing a separate sound card instead. Integrated hardware tends to have a much higher noise level.

Keep all microphones and audio cables away from your monitor, computer case, or other sources of electrical noise. Use shielded cables and make sure everything has a common ground connection. Plug equipment and devices into the same power strip so that they share the same ground. Equipment without a grounded plug (three pronged plug) may require special grounding. Sometimes rotating the plug helps reduce a hum or buzz.

System configuration can also affect audio quality. Due to architectural problems with PCs and excessive virtual memory swapping by Windows, you may notice an occasional gap when recording. Restarting Windows, updating the sound driver, shutting down all other programs, or installing more memory (RAM) helps to minimize that problem.

## Volume Scales

The waveform levels or states can be interpreted in a number of different ways. Reading the states in their binary form is impractical, so the states are mapped to different scales that are more human-readable. These include a simple amplitude scale, a percentage scale, and a decibel scale. As the figure shows, a 1.0 amplitude level is the same as a 100% level and a 0dB level.

Figure: Volume Scales

### Amplitude (y)

The amplitude scale simply maps the states to a linear range of -1.0 to +1.0, with zero being silence. The amplitude typically is given as a positive value when used in effects.

### Percent (%)

The percent scale is 100% at the maximum and 0% at silence. It is essential the same as the absolute value of the amplitude scale converted to a percentage by multiplying by one hundred and adding a percent sign. Sometimes a negative percentage is used, such as in the Flanger effect, to invert the waveform.

### Decibel (dB)

The decibel scale (specifically dBFS) is unusual in that it is 0dB at the maximum peak level and negative infinity at silence. It is a logarithmic scale, which is closer to the way human hearing perceives sound levels. You'll notice from the above figure that there are no positive levels. Levels below the maximum are negative. Only values above the maximum are positive (not shown) and such values may cause clipping. When changing the volume, positive values increase the level and negative values decrease the level.

Levels shown in most visuals are dBFS and not dBSPL.

Use the equation below to convert a decibel level to a percentage level.

### Relative vs. Absolute

When setting the volume in an effect, the value may be interpreted as a relative level or an absolute level. When changing the volume, it is usually relative. When specifying a threshold, it is usually absolute. Relative changes are cumulative. So if you apply a volume change with 0.5 amplitude (50% or -6.02dB), then the amplitude decreases to half its current level. If you apply that change again, then it decreases to one quarter of its original level. In other words, the change is relative to its current level. Given an original amplitude of A, the first change yields a result of A x 0.5 and the sample is replaced by that value. The second change takes that value and multiplies it by 0.5 again, so we get the final result of (A x 0.5) x 0.5 or A x 0.25. Most of the effect settings in GoldWave are cumulative. For relative changes, using 1.0, 100%, or 0dB does not alter the sound at all.

Absolute levels are user for thresholds, such as in Silence Reduction, or in rare cases were the absolute level is set directly, such as Maximize Volume. Absolute changes are not cumulative. If you maximize the sound with 0.5 amplitude (50% or -6.02dB), then that is what the peak level will be no matter how many times the effect is used. For absolute changes, using 1.0, 100%, or 0dB may alter the sound if it is not currently at that level.

## Frequency and Pitch

Sound windows in GoldWave show sound as a waveform of amplitudes on a time axis. However, sound can be viewed in an entirely different way by examining its frequency and pitch content or frequency spectrum. Sounds are broken down into a combination of simple fundamental (sinusoidal) tones, each with a different frequency. This is useful for examining bass and treble levels or for isolating and studying certain sounds.

### Frequency Ranges

Average human hearing spans a frequency range from about 20Hz to about 17000Hz. The figure below shows some common sounds and the frequency range they cover.

Figure: Frequency Range of Sounds

Many people wonder why it is difficult to remove vocals from music. From the figure, you'll see there is a large overlap in the frequency range of speech and music. Removing the vocals would also remove a significant part of the music. A similar problem occurs when removing hiss noise, since it often covers the entire spectrum.

Most basic stereo systems have bass and treble controls, which offer limited control over a frequency spectrum. Bass applies to low frequency sounds, such as drums, cellos, low piano notes, or a hum noise. Treble applies to high frequency sounds, such as a clash of cymbals, a tweet of a small bird, high notes on a piano, or a hiss noise.

More expensive stereo systems have Graphic Equalizers, which provide better control over a frequency spectrum. Instead of controlling just two bands (bass and treble), you can control many bands.

GoldWave provides even more control over frequency spectrums with filter effects such as Parametric EQ, Low/Highpass, Bandpass/stop, Equalizer, Noise Reduction, and Spectrum Filter.

### Frequency Range and Sampling Rate

The frequency range of a digital sound is limited by its sampling rate. In other words, a sound sampled at 8000Hz cannot record frequencies above 8000Hz. In fact, the sound cannot even have frequencies above 4000Hz. According to the sampling theorem, the maximum frequency is limited to half the sampling rate. Any higher frequencies will be aliased, to lower ones, causing noise if appropriate filters are not used.

CD audio is designed to cover the full range of human hearing, which has a maximum of under 22kHz. In order to successfully record this range, the sampling theorem states that a sampling rate of at least twice the maximum must be used, so a rate of at least 44kHz is required. The actual rate is 44100Hz for standard CD players.

### Frequency Spectrum Graphs

Several of GoldWave's Control visuals convert sounds into a range of frequency bands using a radix-2 fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm. When the results are drawn using colours, the graph is referred to as a spectrogram. When the results are drawn with lines, it is often referred to as a frequency spectrum or frequency analysis.

Frequency analysis graphs are displayed in the Noise Reduction, Spectrum Filter, and Parametric EQ filter effects. These help you to locate frequencies that you want to remove or enhance.

GoldWave applies a windowing function to the data before performing the FFT (see Control Visual Properties section). This reduces "discontinuity" errors that occur when dividing data into small chunks. A Kaiser window is used by default.

To make the spectrum more realistic to human hearing, magnitudes are scaled logarithmically. This means that if one frequency "sounds" twice as loud as another, it is graphed with twice the height (or the corresponding colour for the spectrogram).

## File Compression

File compression (not to be confused with amplitude compression) makes files smaller using a variety of algorithms. Uncompressed audio files tend to be large. CD quality audio requires ten megabytes per minute. That is not a problem with large computer hard drives available today, but it is a problem if you want to save many songs on a portable player or if you want to transfer files over the Internet. Unlike most computer data, audio data does not compress very well using typical compression methods such as those found in programs like PKZIP or WinZip. These methods preserve the data exactly so there is no loss of quality. Such compression is called lossless compression.

To make audio files smaller, complex algorithms have to used. Most of these algorithms sacrifice some quality so that when the data is decompressed, you do not get exactly the same quality you had originally. This type of compression is known as lossy compression. Ideally the quality that is lost is not perceptible, so you do not notice the difference.

The most common method of lossy audio compression is MPEG Layer-3, better known as MP3. It is capable of getting near CD quality audio in less than one tenth the size, which is about one megabyte per minute. More recent algorithms, such as AAC, Ogg Vorbis, and Windows Media Audio get even better quality in a smaller size.

Software and hardware that compress audio using complex algorithms are referred to as codecs (from coder/decoder). Compression is the same as encoding and decompression is the same as decoding.

To control the level of compression in GoldWave, use File | Save As and select a different file type and/or attributes. The lower the bitrate (the kbps number, see below), the smaller the file will be, usually at reduced quality.

When opening, editing, and saving a file repeatedly, it is best to use a lossless file format. Every time a lossy compressed file is re-opened and saved, some quality is lost. For long term editing, use the Wave type with "PCM 16 bit" attributes or one of the lossless compressed formats such as FLAC or Windows Media Audio with "lossless" attributes.

### Bitrate

Many compressed audio formats measure the compressed size as a bitrate. The bitrate is the number of bits per second (bps) required to store the audio. Usually the number is given in kilobits or one thousand bits. Divide that number by 8 to determine the number of kilobytes required per second.

Internet connection speed (bandwidth) is often measured in bitrates as well. A 56k modem is capable of receiving 56 kilobits per second. If you want people to stream your MP3 audio over a modem, you'll need to compress the file using a maximum bitrate of 56kbps. Due to the connection overhead and Internet protocol, a lower rate would have to be used to ensure the audio can be downloaded fast enough. For DSL and Cable Internet connections, the standard 128kbps MP3 rate can be used.

Audio files can contain a wide range of sounds, from noisy cymbal clashes to silence. Algorithms typically get much better compression on silence or simple audio sections than on complex, noisy audio. This means that the bitrate depending on whether constant bitrate or variable bitrate compression is used.

### Constant Bitrate

When using constant bitrate, each section of audio compresses to exactly the same size, regardless of the content. If the audio contains silence, then the data may be padded to fill the required bitrate. If the audio contains complex music, then quality may be decreased until it fits within the bitrate.

Constant bitrate is useful for broadcast systems where the transmission rate is fixed. It also make is easy to seek to arbitrary positions within the audio stream or file.

### Variable Bitrate

Variable bitrate compression uses the smallest size possible for each section of audio. If the audio contains silence, then the bitrate will be very low. If the audio contains complex music, the bitrate will be at its maximum.

Variable bitrate gives the best compression and quality. However, it makes it difficult to seek within the stream or file since there is no direct relation between time and size.

# Appendix B: Keyboard Commands

In addition to all the standard menu keystrokes, such as `Alt+F O` to open a file, `Alt+E C` to copy, `Alt+E P` to paste, etc., GoldWave includes a number of additional keyboard shortcuts. These are summarized in the following table. Use Options | Keyboard to reassign shortcuts.

Keyboard Commands
Keystroke | Action
--- | ---
Ctrl+A | Selects the entire sound.
Ctrl+B | Pastes the clipboard into the sound at the beginning.
Ctrl+C | Copies the selection into the clipboard.
Ctrl+D | Displays the `Crossfade` window. Crossfades the clipboard with the selection.
Ctrl+E | Pastes the clipboard into the sound at the end.
Ctrl+F | Pastes the clipboard into the sound at the finish marker's position.
Ctrl+G | Displays a window to set the playback marker's location to a specific time.
H | Starts playback relative to the mouse's horizontal position in the waveform.
J, K, L | Rewinds, plays, and fast forwards respectively from the current playback marker's position. Playback stops at the finish marker but can be continued. Playback stops at the start marker when rewinding.
Shift+J, Shift+K, Shift+L | Makes the playback speed slower, normal, and faster respectively.
Ctrl+J | Jumps the start marker to the next cue point.
Ctrl+Shift+J | Jumps the start marker to the previous cue point.
Alt+J | Jumps the finish marker to the next cue point.
Alt+Shift+J | Jumps the finish marker to the previous cue point.
Ctrl+K | Overwrites the selection with the clipboard.
Ctrl+M or Shift+Ctrl+Ins | Displays the `Mix` window. Mixes the clipboard with the sound at the start marker's position.
Ctrl+N | Creates a new sound.
Ctrl+O | Opens a sound.
Ctrl+P | Pastes the clipboard into a new Sound window.
Q | Drops a new cue point at the start marker position. Cue naming is controlled by the Auto Cue settings.
Shift+Q | Drops a new cue point at the finish marker position. Cue naming is controlled by the Auto Cue settings.
Ctrl+Q | Drops a new cue point at the current recording, playback, or start marker position. Cue naming is controlled by the Auto Cue settings.
Ctrl+Shift+Q | Drops a new cue point at the current recording, playback, or start marker position and displays the edit window.
Ctrl+R | Replaces the selection with the clipboard contents.
Ctrl+S | Saves the file.
Ctrl+T | Trims the sound. Removes all audio outside the selection.
Ctrl+Backspace | Displays the Trim Silence window. Removes leading and trailing silences at the beginning and end of the selection.
Ctrl+V | Pastes the clipboard into the sound at the start marker's position.
Ctrl+W | Sets the select to the view (as in `Select View`).
Ctrl+X | Cuts the selection and copies it into the clipboard.
Ctrl+Y | Redo. Reverses last undo.
Ctrl+Z | Undoes last change.
Ctrl+Shift+B | Selects both channels of a stereo file.
Ctrl+Shift+L | Toggles the selection the left channel.
Ctrl+Shift+R | Toggles the selection right channel.
Shift+0 | Zooms 10:1 horizontally.
Shift+1 | Zooms 1:1 horizontally.
Shift+2 | Views 1 second horizontally.
Shift+3 | Views 10 seconds horizontally.
Shift+4 | Views 1 minute horizontally.
Shift+5 | Views 1 hour horizontally.
Shift+A | Horizontally zooms all the way out.
Shift+E | Displays the Set Selection window.
Shift+M | Stores the locations of the start and finish markers.
Shift+P | Zooms to previous horizontal zoom.
Shift+R | Moves the start and finish markers to the stored locations.
Shift+S | Horizontally zooms in on the selection.
Shift+U | Horizontally zooms to the user defined level.
Shift+V | Vertically zooms all the way out.
Shift+Y | Displays window to specify horizontal zoom.
Del | Deletes the selection, permanently.
[ (left bracket) | Moves the start marker to the current playback position.
] (right bracket) | Moves the finish marker to the current playback position.
Shift+[ | Plays some audio up to the start marker. `Marker preview` controls the amount of audio played or three seconds is played if that value is set to zero.
Shift+] | Plays three seconds of audio up to the finish marker. `Marker preview` controls the amount of audio played or three seconds is played if that value is set to zero.
Ctrl+[ | Plays from the start marker to the finish marker.
Ctrl+] | Plays from the finish marker to the end.
Shift+\ | Moves the selection to its previous range.
Left | Scrolls the Sound window view left.
Right | Scrolls the Sound window view right.
Page Up | Scrolls the Sound window view left one page. The amount of time scrolled depends on the current view zoom level. If you used a play button in view mode to play the file, playback is restarted at the new scrolled position.
Page Down | Scrolls the Sound window view right one page. See the Page Up key for more details.
Home | Moves the Sound window view to the start marker's position.
End | Moves the Sound window view to the finish marker's position.
Ctrl+Home | Moves the Sound window view to the beginning of the sound.
Ctrl+End | Moves the Sound window view to the end of the sound.
Shift+Home | Moves the start marker to the beginning of the sound.
Shift+End | Moves the start marker to the finish marker's position.
Ctrl+Shift+Home | Moves the finish marker to the start marker's position.
Ctrl+Shift+End | Moves the finish marker to the end of the sound.
Shift+Left, Shift+Right | Moves the start marker left or right.
Ctrl+Shift+Left, Ctrl+Shift+Right | Moves the finish marker left or right.
Shift+Up | Horizontally zooms in.
Shift+Down | Horizontally zooms out.
Ctrl+Up | Vertically zooms in.
Ctrl+Down | Vertically zooms out.
Space | Plays or stops a sound (toggles playback). The region that is played depends on the play 3 button settings. Use Ctrl for play 1 and Shift for play 2.
F2, F3, F4, F5, F6, F7, F8 | Plays 1, plays 2, plays 3, rewinds, fast forwards, pauses, and stops respectively.
Ctrl+F9, Ctrl+F8, Ctrl+F7 | Starts, stops, and pauses recording respectively.
F11 | Displays Device Controls Properties window.
F1 | Starts help.
Ctrl+F4 | Closes the Sound window.
Alt+F6 | Switches between Main window and Device Controls window.
Ctrl+F6 | Switches between Sound windows.

# Appendix C: Expression Evaluator

## Overview

The Expression Evaluator is a versatile tool for manipulating and generating audio data.

The `Destination` box specifies the Sound window where results of the evaluation will be stored. The drop down list contains all Sound windows in the form "X - Filename", where X is the wave identifier number of the Sound window. For example, a Sound window with the title "Hello.wav" could appear as "1 - Hello.wav" in the list. By default, the destination is set to the current Sound window. You can change the destination, if more than one Sound window is opened, by using the up and down keys or by selecting it with the mouse from the drop down list.

The `Source` box lists currently opened Sound windows. By selecting a source from this list, the function `waveX(n)` is placed in the expression. X is the wave identifier number, as explained above. Note that if the source and destination are the same, then the source changes during processing.

The large `Expression` box located at the top of the window is where an expression is entered. A list of valid operations and functions is given in a following section. In most cases, expressions will be some function of n or t, just as in regular math, where y is usually a function of x (i.e. y = f(x)). In the expression evaluator, we can have destination = f(t), where f(t) is any expression you enter.

To create a simple tone, for example, you would enter the expression `sin(600*t)`. You can even alter an existing sound. To double the volume of "1 - Hello.wav", for example, you would select it as the destination and enter the expression `wave(n)*2`.

To enter an expression, you can:

- Type it in using the keyboard, or
- Select it from the Presets tree list

The evaluator uses several special variables, which you can initialize in the "Incremented variables" and "User constants" groups. These variables are discussed later.

After you have specified the destination, expression, and initial values, choose the `Play` button to preview it. Choose the `OK` button (or just press the `Enter` key) to begin evaluation. If you entered an expression incorrectly, a message will be displayed. If the expression is valid, a processing window will appear. Since the evaluation process takes time, you can stop it at any time with the `Cancel` button. No changes will be made to the sound if you cancel processing.

You can copy, cut and paste expression in the Expression box using the usual keystrokes (Copy = `Ctrl+C`, Cut = `Ctrl+X`, Paste = `Ctrl+V`). You can also copy and paste expression from the online help.

To speed up evaluation, make sure that you are using memory storage (see Options | Storage).

## Evaluation Range, Variables, and Constants

Some knowledge of the structure of digital audio is essential to understand how the evaluator works. To illustrate this structure, let's assume we have the following sound:

    Title bar:          Hello.wav
    Total length:       2.0 seconds
    Sampling rate:      8000Hz
    Start marker:       0.5 seconds
    Finish marker:      1.2 seconds

Figure: Internal Structure of Hello.wav, 8000Hz, 2 Seconds

Digital audio is stored as a series of amplitudes, which are often referred to as samples (see figure). The evaluator interprets each sample as a value between -1 and 1, inclusive. Only samples between the start and finish markers are considered valid; all other values are assumed to be zero. The number of samples selected is defined as N.

Each sample has a relative index number, n, and a time, t. Since the time of each sample depends on the sampling rate, it is usually written in terms of the unit of time between each sample, T. You many have noticed that the time, t, is related to the index number, n, by the equation t=nT. The figure shows how all these variables relate to the structure of the sound.

### Using Time in an Expression

Let's assume we have entered the expression "`sin(t)`". Since expressions are evaluated over the selection range, the initial value for t is automatically set to start marker's position of 0.5. Choosing the `OK` button evaluates the expression from t = 0.5 to t = 1.2 in steps of 1/8000 of a second, as defined by T. This means that the expression is calculated for each sample in the selection, changing each sample as follows:

Sample4000 = sin(0.500000)
Sample4001 = sin(0.500125)
Sample4002 = sin(0.500250)
...
Sample9600 = sin(1.200000)

### Using the Sample Index in an Expression

The sample index is useful for modifying an existing sound. If we want to double the amplitude of Hello.wav, for example, we need to multiply each sample by two and store it back into the sound. In this case, Hello.wav will be both the destination and the source. To set it as the destination, we simply select it from the `Destination` list. To use it as a source, we need to determine its wave identifier number. These numbers are provided in the `Source` list. Assuming it is listed as "3 - Hello.wav", we now know that its wave identifier number is 3. This number is necessary for the evaluator's `wave` function, which has the following syntax:

`waveX( n )` | where: | `X` = wave identifier number `n` = sample index number

Note that when the destination and the source are the same, no number is needed after the `wave` function. If "`wave(n)`" is used, then the destination sound is assumed to be the source.

In the evaluator, the index number, n, is relative to the start marker. This means that the start markers position is added to the index number (i.e. n+Start). For the example in the figure above, a relative index of n=0 has an absolute index of 4000.

The final expression is "`wave3(n)*2`". Choosing `OK` evaluate this expression from n=0 to n=5600 in steps of 1 (note that N = 5600) . This produces the following changes (remember than n is relative to the start marker's position):

Sample4000 = Sample4000 * 2
Sample4001 = Sample4001 * 2
Sample4002 = Sample4001 * 2
...
Sample9600 = Sample9600 * 2

Note that N and n are always integers. The evaluator rounds indices to the nearest integer, so the expression "`wave3(.7)`" would be calculated as "`wave3(1)`".

You can use the sample index number and the `wave` function to mix two or more wave together. If you have several sounds opened, you can obtain the wave identifier number for each sound from the `Source` list. If the sounds you wanted to mix were identified as 2 and 3, you would enter the expression:

wave2(n) + wave3(n)

Care must be taken when indexing signals with different sampling rates. If `wave1` is a voice recorded at 11025Hz and `wave2` is music recorded at 22050Hz, then with `wave1` as the destination you'd need to use this expression to correctly mix them:

wave1(n) + wave2(n*2)

Ideally, `wave2` would have to be low-pass filtered first. If `wave2` is the destination, the expression would be:

wave1(n/2) + wave2(n)

Also be aware that if the source and destination are the same, the source is modified during evaluation. An expression such as `wave(n)+wave(n-3000)/3` generates a recursive reverb effect because `wave(n-3000)` gives the stored, modified values instead of the original source values. This allows for feedback processing. Use separate source and destination sounds to avoid modifying the source.

The variable N has several uses, such as reversing a sample. If `wave2` is a new sound that has the same sampling rate and length of `wave1`, then setting the destination to `wave2` and using the expression

wave1(N-n)

makes `wave2` the reverse of `wave1`.

### User Constants x, y, and f

User constants can be set to any values you choose. None of these values change during evaluation. They just provide a way of easily changing parameters within an expression without having to edit the expression directly. The constant f is typically used for frequency values. By using the expression

y*sin(2*pi*f*t)

you can generate any tone by specifying the frequency in the `f` box and the amplitude in the `y` box.

### Conversion Between Variables

The following equations convert between time and sample index number. The start value is the position of the start marker (in seconds).

n = (t - start) / T
t = nT + start
T = 1 / (sampling rate)

## Presets

The `Presets` list in the Expression Evaluator window organizes expressions in a number of groups, such as Dial Tones, Effects, Noise, and Waves. You can create new groups or add expression to existing groups.

To retrieve an expression:

1. Expand the group containing the expression in the `Presets` list.
2. Select the expression from the expanded list.

To add an expression:

1. Enter the expression in the Expression box.
2. Choose the add button in the `Presets` box.
3. Select an existing group name or type in a new group name.
4. Type in a preset name for the expression.
5. Choose the `OK` button.

To delete an expression:

1. Expand the group containing the expression in the `Presets` list.
2. Select the expression from the expanded list.
3. Choose the remove button in the `Presets` box.

## Evaluator Operators and Functions

The following table summarizes evaluator operators and functions.

Evaluator Operators and Functions
Label | Operation, function
--- | ---
(, ) | Parenthesis
+, *, -, / | Add, multiply, subtract (negate), and divide
% | Modulus operator (remainder)
<, > | Greater and less than operators. Compares left and right operands. Gives 1 if true or 0 if false. For example, `x > y` evaluates to 1 if `x` is greater than `y` or 0 otherwise. The expression `wave(n)*(wave(n)>0.001)` replace all samples below 0.001 with silence (zero).
^ | To the power of, yx
pi | Constant (3.14159...)
cos | Cosine
sin | Sine
tan | Tangent
acos | Arccosine
asin | Arcsine
atan | Arctangent
cosh | Hyperbolic cosine
sinh | Hyperbolic sine
tanh | Hyperbolic tangent
sqrt | Square root
abs | Absolute value
sgn | Sign (-1, 0, or 1).
log, ln | Log base 10, natural logarithm
db, idb | Converts a number to dB or converts a dB to a number. db(0.5) give -6.02.... idb(-6) gives 0.5....
exp | Exponential base e
step | Unit step ( 0 for t < 0, 1 for t >= 0 )
int | Integer value
rand(n) | Generates a uniform random number between 0 and n
limit | Limits the value +/-1. If the absolute value is greater than 1, then its magnitude is set to 1.
waveX(n) | Sound amplitude at n. X specifies the Sound window as given in the `Source` list. If no X is specified, the destination Sound window data is used.

## Signal Generation

Several signal generation expressions are listed below. Words given in italics represent numeric values that you must enter.

To try one of the following expression:

1. Choose New from the File menu.
2. Choose `OK` to create the new file.
3. Choose Expression evaluator from the Tool menu.
4. Type in the expression as given in the example. For example:

           sin(2*pi*261.7*t)

5. Choose the `OK` button.
6. Wait for processing to complete.

Use the `Play` button to preview the expression before processing the entire file.

Expressions
Type | General Expression | Examples
--- | --- | ---
Sine wave | sin(2*pi*frequency*t) | Middle C: sin(2*pi*261.7*t) Telephone dial tone for "5": (sin(2*pi*1336*t) + sin(2*pi*773*t)) / 2
Saw wave | 1 - 2*abs(1 - 2*frequency*t%2) | 200Hz tone: 1 - 2*abs(1 - 2*200*t%2)
White noise | amplitude - rand(2*amplitude) | Full volume white noise: 1 - rand(2)
Square wave | int(2*t*frequency)%2*2-1 | 400Hz tone: int(2*t*400)%2*2-1
Sweep | sin(2*pi*t^rate) | Slow sweep up to 20kHz: sin( 2*pi*160*(t%5)^3 )
Exponential decay | (1 - minimum)*exp(-t) + minimum | 50% decay a 500Hz sine wave: (0.5*exp(-t) + 0.5) * sin(2*pi*500*t)

## Custom Filters

One way to create your own digital filter is to use MatlabTM (The Student Edition of Matlab, by The Math Works Inc., published by Prentice-Hall, ISBN 0-13-855974-0). It has many built-in commands that generate filter coefficients. The coefficients can then used in the Expression Evaluator command.

### Example of a Low-Pass Filter

In preparation for down-sampling, you can use Matlab to generate the coefficients of a 4th order Butterworth low pass filter that will remove noise above half the Nyquist frequency (one quarter the sampling rate). Enter:

    [b,a] = butter(4, 0.5)

The result should be similar to:

    b =  0.0940  0.3759  0.5639  0.3759  0.0940
    a =  1.0000  0.0000  0.4680  0.0000  0.0177

To implement this filter in the evaluator, assume that the sound to be filtered is in the Sound window titled Sound.wav.

1. Use File | New to create a new Sound window with the same sampling rate and channels as Sound.wav.
2. Make sure the length of the new sound is as long (or longer) than Sound.wav.
3. Use Tool | Expression Evaluator to open the expression evaluator window.
4. Set the destination to the new sound.
5. Enter the following expression (assuming Sound.wav has a wave identifier of 1):

       	wave1(n)*0.0940 + wave1(n-1)*0.3759 +
       	wave1(n-2)*0.5639 + wave1(n-3)*0.3759 +
       	wave1(n-4)*0.0940 - wave2(n-2)*0.4860 -
       	wave2(n-4)*0.0177

6. Choose `OK` to start filtering.

# Appendix D: Tutorial

## From Turntable to CD-R

This tutorial explains the steps required to record from a turntable, restore the audio, and split the recording into tracks so it can be burned to a blank CD.

### Make Connections

Unless your turntable has a built-in amplifier or a headphone output, you'll need an external amplifier, receiver, or preamp to boost the turntable output. The figure below shows all the connections required. You may need two RCA cables with male connectors and a RCA to 1/8" mini-plug stereo Y-adapter cable.

If you have not connected your headphones or speakers to your computer, do so before proceeding.

Figure: Connections

Step 1
Connect the turntable output to Phono-in on a receiver or to the input of a preamp, as shown.

Step 2
Connect the receiver or preamp audio output to the light blue Line-In socket on your computer. It is marked with an arrow pointing into the rings, as shown.

Make sure you connect to the correct socket on your computer. If you accidentally plug the receiver/preamp output into the computer's speaker socket you may damage the hardware. Connect your speakers or headphones to your computer first.

### Setup Recording

Step 1
Take some time to thoroughly clean the album and carefully inspect and clean the stylus. Also review the information about avoiding Noise. Eliminating noise before it is recorded saves a lot of restoration work later and gives much better quality in the end.

Step 2
Run GoldWave, then press the F11 key or use the Options | Control Properties command, then select the `Device` tab. Make sure the correct playback and recording devices are selected. A "line" or "input" recording device should be selected. Make sure that a microphone recording device is not selected.

Step 3
Select the `Record` tab on the Control Properties window, then check the `Monitor input on visuals` box. This will activate the visuals on the Control window so you can adjust volume levels without having to record. If you cannot hear the input, turn on recording monitoring in Windows.

Step 4
Adjust the recording volume on the `Device` tab (see Step 2 above) and go to the next step.

If you are using `DirectSound` mode, use the `Volume` tab to select and adjust the source volume. Make sure the correct `Volume device` is selected. It should be the same as the recording device on the `Device` tab. Check the Select box for the Line (or Line In) item. Make sure the volume level is at least 50 initially. Make sure no other items are checked as they could be a source of noise. Choose `OK` to close the Control Properties window so that all new settings are used.

Step 5
Play the album on your turntable to ensure that all the connections are good and that the input level is set correctly. The Level Visual in the Control window should occasionally touch the red region (see the "Target" area on the horizontal meters in the figure below). If you find that the Level Visual goes too high or never goes above the green region, then adjust the volume as explained in step 4. The small rectangular boxes on the far right of the Level Visual should not light during recording, otherwise some clipping distortion may have occurred.

Note that the volume fader on the Control window changes the playback volume only. You must adjust the recording volume in the Control Properties window explained above.

Figure: Control Window
Target

If you get no activity at all, check all connections, make sure your receiver/preamp is turned on, and make sure the correct recording device and volume source are selected as explained in steps 2 to 4. Check to see if your amplifier or preamp has an output level control that needs to be adjusted.

Step 6
Set the duration of recording.

1. Press the F11 key or use the Options | Control Properties command.
2. Select the `Record` tab.
3. Enter the duration for the recording, such as 25:00 to record the entire side of an album.
4. Choose `OK`.

To have more control over the channels and sampling rate used for recording and to stop recording after a certain amount of time, use File | New to create a new file with the channels, sampling rate, and duration required, then use the Record Selection button instead in the next step. Note that the recording device may not support the sampling rate or channels you've selected.

Step 7
Click the red Record New button or press `F9` to start recording in GoldWave. Start playing the thoroughly cleaned, dust free album on the turntable. Press the red Stop Recording button to stop recording when done.

Step 8
Play the recording to see how it sounds. If you are not satisfied with the quality, make volume adjustments, re-clean the album, check connections, etc. Close the file to discard the recording.

If you created a new file and used Record Selection, use Edit | Undo to undo the recording and start recording again.

When the quality is satisfactory, continue to the next step.

Step 9
Trim any leading and trailing silences by selecting the entire file with the Edit | Select All command, followed by the Edit | Trim | Silence command. Depending on how noisy the recording is, a threshold of −30dB or greater may be needed. Start with −40dB. If you still see flat areas on the ends of the waveform, increase it to −30dB.

If the recording is very noisy, manual trimming may be required. To do that, use View | 10 Seconds. Right-click on the waveform to set the start selection marker to a position a second or so before the music begins. Click on the timeline to start playback to check the position. Scroll to the end of the recording by using the scroll bar below the waveform. Right-click to set the finish selection marker at a position a second or so after the music ends (where the waveform goes flat). Use Edit | Trim | Both to remove the silences on either end of the selection.

Step 10
Save the recording by using the File | Save command and providing a name for your recording.

### Restoration

Step 1
Use the Effect | Filter | Pop/Click command to remove any pops and clicks from the recording. Use a tolerance setting of 2000 at first. If you find that some pops/clicks are still present, select a short area of the recording where the click occurs then use the Pop/Click filter again with a lower tolerance setting. Using a low tolerance on the entire recording is not recommended since it may distort some sounds, such as trumpet solos. Use Edit | Select All to select the entire recording when done.

Step 2 (optional)
Use the Effect | Filter | Smoother command and select the "Reduce hiss" preset to reduce crackle and hiss.

Step 3
Play the recording to find a few seconds of silence where only background noise can be heard. Select about a second of that noise, then use Edit | Copy to copy it to the clipboard. Select the entire recording by using Edit | Select All. Use Effect | Filter | Noise Reduction to display the Noise Reduction window. Choose the "Use clipboard" envelope option. Preview the settings by choosing the `Play` button to ensure the quality sounds good. If you notice too much tingling or warbling, then lower the Scale setting and Apply the settings while previewing. Choose `OK` to remove the noise from the recording.

Step 4 (optional)
Use the Effect | Compressor/Expander command and select the "Noise Gate 3" preset, then choose `OK`. This will eliminate any remaining noise in the silences between songs.

Step 5
Use Effect | Filter | Equalizer to display the Equalizer window. Experiment with the presets and adjust the bands to boost or reduce bass and treble. Preview the audio until you get the desired results, then choose `OK` to process the recording.

Step 6
Use Effect | Volume | Maximize Volume and select the "Full dynamic range" preset, then choose `OK`.

Step 7
Save the restored recording by using the File | Save command.

### Split into Tracks

Step 1
Use Tool | Cue Points to display the Cue Points window.

Step 2
Choose the `Auto Cue` button. On the Auto Cue window, choose the `Mark Silence` button. Set the threshold to −40dB. Set the silence length to 1 second. You may want to use a longer or shorter time depending on how long the silences are between each song. Set the minimum separation to about 1 minute (1:00). Use a longer or shorter time depending on the length of the shortest song. Choose `OK` to automatically set cue points at the beginning of each song.

If no cue points appear in the list, choose `Auto Cue` again and increase the threshold (−30dB). If too many cue points appear, choose the `Delete All` button and use a lower threshold (−45dB) in `Auto Cue`. Note that if the album is a live recording with no silences between songs, you'll have to set cue points manually. Close the Cue Points window, then play the recording and use Edit | Cue Point | Add Cue Point to drop cue points at places where you want to split the recording into separate tracks.

Once cue points have been added, the `Split File` button becomes enabled.

Step 3
Choose the `Split File` button on the Cue Points window. Provide a destination folder where each song/track will be saved. Check the "Use CD compatible wave format and alignment" box. Choose `OK` to create a set of track files for each song.

Step 4
Use CD-R software to write the track files to a blank CD as audio tracks. You can import the files into iTunes or Windows Media Player to use those programs to burn a CD. Note that you cannot just copy the files to the CD using Windows Explorer. That will create a data track. Each song must be written as a separate audio track.

End of Tutorial

### CD Burning

GoldWave does not include CD burning functionality. Use separate CD burning software such as Windows Media Player, iTunes, etc.

Many CD Recording programs can write any type of audio file, but some require a certain file type and attributes. Standard audio CDs contain PCM signed 16 bit, stereo audio at a sampling rate of 44100Hz. To save a file in that format in GoldWave, first use `Resample` to set the rate to 44100Hz, then use `Save As` to choose the "Wave" type and use the `Attributes` button to select "PCM signed 16 bit, stereo" attributes.

To divide a long file into separate tracks, split it into smaller files as explained above.

# Appendix E: Troubleshooting and Q&A

## Troubleshooting

Troubleshooting
Problem | Cause/Solution
--- | ---
Cannot open large files | Make sure that hard disk storage is enabled in Options | Storage. Make sure that you have plenty of free memory and hard drive space. CD quality sound requires 10MB per minute and 20MB per minute when editing.
Cannot play sounds | Sound driver is incorrectly installed or needs to be updated. Check that the Windows Media Player can play sounds. If it doesn't, the driver is not installed correctly. Make sure that your audio device is selected by using the `Device` tab in Control Properties.
Cannot record sounds | Make sure you have the correct recording device selected. See Recording Sounds. Check that the Windows Sound Recorder accessory can record sounds. If it doesn't, the driver is not installed correctly. Make sure your audio hardware is capable of recording. Update your sound driver. Sound may be in use by the playback device; click on the `Stop` button. Recording device may be in use by another program; close the other program.
System seems slow or visuals do not update smoothly | Your system may not be fast enough to draw the visuals. Try reducing the frame rate in the `Visual` tab in Control Properties or set all visuals to blank.
System freezes or crashes or an exception occurs | If the crash occurs during recording or playback, install updated sound, video, and motherboard drivers. If the crash occurs when you try to run GoldWave, use the `GoldWave Setup` on the Windows Start menu to disable some of the plug-ins. You may have encountered a problem. If you can duplicate the problem after restarting your system, contact GoldWave Inc. for more assistance.
After a crash, there is less free space on the hard drive | Delete files in the temporary storage folder specified under Options | Storage. These files usually have names like GWXXX.TMP. Note that you may be able to recover the files by opening them in GoldWave.
Visuals are out of synchronization | Many audio drivers return inaccurate positions. Make sure you have the most recent sound driver.
Pops, clicks, or stuttering during playback | Increase the `Latency` setting on the `Device` tab in Control Properties. Your sound driver is defective. Obtain a new sound driver or a new sound card, or tell the manufacturer about the problem. Pops and clicks can occur at the beginning or ending of a sound if the first or last sample is not silence. Use the "Sharp faded ends" preset in `Volume Shape`. Enable the `Snap To Zero-Crossing` feature to avoid pops and clicks when editing.
Expression Evaluator slow | Make sure that memory storage is selected in Options | Storage. Close and reopen your files for this setting to apply.
Editing seems to be getting slower and disk activity is increasing | Files on your hard disk are becoming fragmented. Use the Windows Disk Defragmenter system tool.
Distortion in recording | You need to lower the recording volume. Use the record volume setting on the `Device` tab (or `Volume` tab for DirectSound) in Control Properties. Check that all connections are correct and firm (do not connect a "line-out" to "mic-in", for example).
Gaps in recording and playback | Increase the `Latency` setting on the `Device` tab in Control Properties. The Windows virtual memory manager can sometimes cause gaps due to excessive swapping. Installing more memory (RAM) may help. Your system may be too slow to display the visuals. Try reducing the frame rate in the `Visual` tab of Control Properties or set all visuals to blank.
Sound won't play for more than a few seconds. | Make sure you've selected the entire file. Use the `Play All` button or configure a playback button to "Play All" in the `Play` tab of Control Properties.

## Common Questions and Answers

Why do I get only silence when I try to record?
  You have to select the correct recording source. See `Device` tab (or `Volume` tab for DirectSound) of the Control Properties window.
How do I record audio from a CD?
  Use the Tool | CD Reader command to copy the audio directly from the CD.
How can I see and adjust recording volume levels without recording?
  Use the Monitor input on visuals option on the `Record` tab of the Control Properties window.
How can I avoid stuttering and glitches in recording?
  Close all other programs. Restart your system before (or between) recording for long periods of time. Update your sound driver. Set visuals to Blank.
How do I select part of a sound?
  See Editing Overview for more information.
How can I tell if the finish marker is in the right place without playing the entire selection?
  Right click on the waveform just before the finish marker and choose the `Play From Here` menu item. Or, go to the `Play` tab and select the `Finish` option for one of the play buttons. That will play a few seconds before the finish marker.
How do I edit individual amplitude samples with the mouse?
  See Redrawing the Waveform.
Why does GoldWave show the evaluation messages?
  GoldWave is not free software. If you are a licensed user and are still seeing evaluation messages, you'll need to enter your license into the program again.
Can I convert sound files to MIDI?
  No. MIDI files do not contain digital audio. They contain notes and timing information for instruments. In other words, they contain instructions for playing the music, but not the music itself.
How are you?
  Fine, thanks.
How can I split a large recording into individual songs?
  Use `Cue Points` with the `Auto Cue Button` and the `Split File Button`.